NURS 8022 Exam 3
Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. Pulmonary Hypertension
D. Hypercapnia - answerA. Pulmonary edema
Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which
physiological process to occur?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation – answer B. Vasodilation
What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a patient
with hyperglycemia? – answer The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move
out of the cell
How does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate? - answer Release
of ACH from the parasympathetic system increases the permeability of K+ ions and
leads to hyperpolarization of the cell.
A patient is in renal failure. The patient reports a history of severe diarrhea for several
days. They also report they have not been able to eat or drink anything for the last 24
hours due to not feeling well. The NP would suspect that this patient's renal failure is a
(pre/intral/post renal) and is due to (dehydration/ischemia/urinary obstruction). -
answerPrerenal; dehydration
Which of the following cardiac alterations could lead to left sided hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Cardiac dilation
D. Amyloidosis - answerA. Aortic stenosis
Natriuretic peptides increase the _________ of sodium? - answerexcretion
A patient presents with right sided heart failure, what is the most likely cause? -
answerLeft sided heart failure
If a patient's BP was 200/120 what would you expect to occur physiologically in the
kidneys? - answerAfferent arteriole constriction
,GFR is directly related to.. - answerrenal blood flow and perfusion pressure in the
glomerular capillaries
Which of the following represents ventricular systole on the ECG?
A. PR interval
B. QRS
C. ST interval
D. QT interval - answerQT interval
When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephrotic sediment in
the urine. This means there is a large presence of - answerProtein
When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephritic sediment in
the urine. This means there is a large presence of - answerBlood
What are two functions of surfactant in the lungs? - answer-Keeps alveoli open and free
of fluid
-Decreases surface tension by blocking H2O and H+ binding
If a patients has low plasma volume what is the normal physiological response? -
answerThirst
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? - answerPhrenic nerve
Which lipid carried cholesterol to the tissues? - answerLDL
What three areas does gas exchange occur? - answerBronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Gas exchange airways are served by the
A. Cardiac circulation
B. Venous circulation
C. Pulmonary circulation - answerC. Pulmonary circulation
Bronchi and other lung structures are served by the
A. Cardiac circulation
B. Systemic circulation
C. Pulmonary circulation - answerB. Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation functions - answerFacilitate gas exchange
Deliver nutrients to lung tissue
Act as blood reservoir for L ventricle
Filtering system
pH range - answer7.35-7.45
, PaCO2 range - answer35-45
PaO2 - answer75-100 mmHg
HCO3 range - answer22-26 mEq/L
Base excess - answer-2 to +2
A person has atherosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred? -
answerMacrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that create oxidative
stress.
Why do we give patient's ACE inhibitors if they have had an MI? - answerTo stop the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II to further protect the heart
What is Dressler syndrome? When does it occur? - answerDelayed form of pericarditis;
thought to be antigen-antibody response to necrotic myocardium
Occurs 1 week to several months later
A person with an MI is releasing angiotensin II. How should the nurse interpret this
finding?
Releasing angiotensin II is beneficial or counterproductive and why? -
answerCounterproductive; it causes the heart to work harder.
How does angiotensin II affect the heart during an MI? - answerIt contributes to the
pathogenesis of the MI. Results in systemic effects which causes peripheral
vasoconstriction and fluid retention. It's returning more blood flow to the heart and
increasing peripheral vascular resistance making the heart work harder
6 P's of PVD - answerPallor, pulselessness, pain, paresthesia, paralysis and
poikilothermia
What can vascular regurgitation lead to? - answerDilation and hypertrophy
(Increased volume leads to dilation; increased workload leads to hypertrophy)
What can valvular stenosis lead to? - answerMyocardial hypertrophy
A person has a diagnosis of valvular regurgitation. What pathophysiologic process is the
person experiencing?
The valves:
1. Are constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
2. Fail to shut completely, permitting the back flow of blood to continue
3. Have an inherited defect, such as thickening of the septal wall
Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. Pulmonary Hypertension
D. Hypercapnia - answerA. Pulmonary edema
Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which
physiological process to occur?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation – answer B. Vasodilation
What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a patient
with hyperglycemia? – answer The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move
out of the cell
How does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate? - answer Release
of ACH from the parasympathetic system increases the permeability of K+ ions and
leads to hyperpolarization of the cell.
A patient is in renal failure. The patient reports a history of severe diarrhea for several
days. They also report they have not been able to eat or drink anything for the last 24
hours due to not feeling well. The NP would suspect that this patient's renal failure is a
(pre/intral/post renal) and is due to (dehydration/ischemia/urinary obstruction). -
answerPrerenal; dehydration
Which of the following cardiac alterations could lead to left sided hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Cardiac dilation
D. Amyloidosis - answerA. Aortic stenosis
Natriuretic peptides increase the _________ of sodium? - answerexcretion
A patient presents with right sided heart failure, what is the most likely cause? -
answerLeft sided heart failure
If a patient's BP was 200/120 what would you expect to occur physiologically in the
kidneys? - answerAfferent arteriole constriction
,GFR is directly related to.. - answerrenal blood flow and perfusion pressure in the
glomerular capillaries
Which of the following represents ventricular systole on the ECG?
A. PR interval
B. QRS
C. ST interval
D. QT interval - answerQT interval
When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephrotic sediment in
the urine. This means there is a large presence of - answerProtein
When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephritic sediment in
the urine. This means there is a large presence of - answerBlood
What are two functions of surfactant in the lungs? - answer-Keeps alveoli open and free
of fluid
-Decreases surface tension by blocking H2O and H+ binding
If a patients has low plasma volume what is the normal physiological response? -
answerThirst
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? - answerPhrenic nerve
Which lipid carried cholesterol to the tissues? - answerLDL
What three areas does gas exchange occur? - answerBronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Gas exchange airways are served by the
A. Cardiac circulation
B. Venous circulation
C. Pulmonary circulation - answerC. Pulmonary circulation
Bronchi and other lung structures are served by the
A. Cardiac circulation
B. Systemic circulation
C. Pulmonary circulation - answerB. Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation functions - answerFacilitate gas exchange
Deliver nutrients to lung tissue
Act as blood reservoir for L ventricle
Filtering system
pH range - answer7.35-7.45
, PaCO2 range - answer35-45
PaO2 - answer75-100 mmHg
HCO3 range - answer22-26 mEq/L
Base excess - answer-2 to +2
A person has atherosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred? -
answerMacrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that create oxidative
stress.
Why do we give patient's ACE inhibitors if they have had an MI? - answerTo stop the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II to further protect the heart
What is Dressler syndrome? When does it occur? - answerDelayed form of pericarditis;
thought to be antigen-antibody response to necrotic myocardium
Occurs 1 week to several months later
A person with an MI is releasing angiotensin II. How should the nurse interpret this
finding?
Releasing angiotensin II is beneficial or counterproductive and why? -
answerCounterproductive; it causes the heart to work harder.
How does angiotensin II affect the heart during an MI? - answerIt contributes to the
pathogenesis of the MI. Results in systemic effects which causes peripheral
vasoconstriction and fluid retention. It's returning more blood flow to the heart and
increasing peripheral vascular resistance making the heart work harder
6 P's of PVD - answerPallor, pulselessness, pain, paresthesia, paralysis and
poikilothermia
What can vascular regurgitation lead to? - answerDilation and hypertrophy
(Increased volume leads to dilation; increased workload leads to hypertrophy)
What can valvular stenosis lead to? - answerMyocardial hypertrophy
A person has a diagnosis of valvular regurgitation. What pathophysiologic process is the
person experiencing?
The valves:
1. Are constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
2. Fail to shut completely, permitting the back flow of blood to continue
3. Have an inherited defect, such as thickening of the septal wall
