NURS 8022. Final Exam – M-S
Axial skeleton - answer Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage,
and vertebral column; 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton - answer bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities; 126 bones
osteoblasts - answer bone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function; derived
from mesenchyme cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D
osteoclasts - answer Bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and
the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
osteocytes - answera bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the
matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form
and resorb bone
Compact bone - answerHard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of
a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is basic
structural unit in compact bone
Spongy bone - answerLayer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just
inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red
bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead
bone remodeling - answerongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
bone repair - answer1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling
Fibrous joints - answerconsists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the
bones tightly together; sutures
cartilaginous joints - answerallow only slight movement and consist of bones connected
entirely by cartilage
symphysis joint - answertwo bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and
intervertebral disks
, synchondrosis joint - answerBones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints between
ribs and sternum
synovial joints - answermost movable and the most complex joints
fusiform muscles - answerthick in middle and tapered at ends
biceps brachii , gastrocnemius
pennate muscles - answerBroad, flat, and slightly fan shaped
skeletal muscle - answera muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the
mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
Muscle contraction - answerInteractions between actin and myosin filaments of the
sarcomere are responsible for
Muscle contraction steps - answerexcitation, excitation-contraction coupling,
contraction, relaxation
isometric muscle contraction - answera static contraction that generates muscle tension
but does not result in body movement
isotonic muscle contraction - answermuscle changes in length with no change in tension
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System - answerbone remodeling, osteoporosis;
postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column
due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to
loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked
Complete fracture - answerbone is broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - answerbone is not broken all the way through but still in one piece
comminuted fracture - answerbone breaks into many fragments
linear fracture - answerthe fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture - answerfracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
spiral fracture - answera fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
transverse fracture - answeroccurs straight across the bone
greenstick fracture - answerperforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone
torus fracture - answercortex buckles but does not break
Axial skeleton - answer Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage,
and vertebral column; 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton - answer bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities; 126 bones
osteoblasts - answer bone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function; derived
from mesenchyme cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D
osteoclasts - answer Bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and
the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
osteocytes - answera bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the
matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form
and resorb bone
Compact bone - answerHard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of
a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is basic
structural unit in compact bone
Spongy bone - answerLayer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just
inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red
bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead
bone remodeling - answerongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
bone repair - answer1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling
Fibrous joints - answerconsists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the
bones tightly together; sutures
cartilaginous joints - answerallow only slight movement and consist of bones connected
entirely by cartilage
symphysis joint - answertwo bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and
intervertebral disks
, synchondrosis joint - answerBones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints between
ribs and sternum
synovial joints - answermost movable and the most complex joints
fusiform muscles - answerthick in middle and tapered at ends
biceps brachii , gastrocnemius
pennate muscles - answerBroad, flat, and slightly fan shaped
skeletal muscle - answera muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the
mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
Muscle contraction - answerInteractions between actin and myosin filaments of the
sarcomere are responsible for
Muscle contraction steps - answerexcitation, excitation-contraction coupling,
contraction, relaxation
isometric muscle contraction - answera static contraction that generates muscle tension
but does not result in body movement
isotonic muscle contraction - answermuscle changes in length with no change in tension
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System - answerbone remodeling, osteoporosis;
postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column
due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to
loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked
Complete fracture - answerbone is broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - answerbone is not broken all the way through but still in one piece
comminuted fracture - answerbone breaks into many fragments
linear fracture - answerthe fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture - answerfracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
spiral fracture - answera fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
transverse fracture - answeroccurs straight across the bone
greenstick fracture - answerperforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone
torus fracture - answercortex buckles but does not break
