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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAMS GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Carbon
An element that has the capacity to share four electrons in order to achieve a
more stable configuration.
Bonding: Carbon to Hydrogen or Halogens
Shares one electron.
Bonding: Carbon to Oxygen or Sulfur
Shares up to two electrons.
Bonding: Carbon to Nitrogen
Shares up to three electrons
Halogens
Flourine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I).
Hydrocarbon Molecule
Contains only carbon and hydrogen. Can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic
classes.
Substituted Hydrocarbon
One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms
called a Functional Group.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and
carbon. Does not contain benzene ring.
, 2
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Contain at least one benzene ring or similar structural features.
Benzene
Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-
carbon bonds.
Alkanes
(CnH2n+2)
Cycloalkanes
(CnH2n)
Classification: Primary
(1°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to one other carbon. They are at the end
of a carbon chain and referred to as terminal carbons.
Classification: Secondary
(2°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to two other carbons.
Classification: Tertiary
(3°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to three other carbons.
Structural Formula
Shows the actual bonding of atoms to each other.
Condensed Formula
Shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order.
Molecular Formula
States the actual number of each kind of atom found in a molecule.
Structural Isomerism
Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but different structures.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAMS GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Carbon
An element that has the capacity to share four electrons in order to achieve a
more stable configuration.
Bonding: Carbon to Hydrogen or Halogens
Shares one electron.
Bonding: Carbon to Oxygen or Sulfur
Shares up to two electrons.
Bonding: Carbon to Nitrogen
Shares up to three electrons
Halogens
Flourine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I).
Hydrocarbon Molecule
Contains only carbon and hydrogen. Can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic
classes.
Substituted Hydrocarbon
One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms
called a Functional Group.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and
carbon. Does not contain benzene ring.
, 2
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Contain at least one benzene ring or similar structural features.
Benzene
Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-
carbon bonds.
Alkanes
(CnH2n+2)
Cycloalkanes
(CnH2n)
Classification: Primary
(1°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to one other carbon. They are at the end
of a carbon chain and referred to as terminal carbons.
Classification: Secondary
(2°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to two other carbons.
Classification: Tertiary
(3°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to three other carbons.
Structural Formula
Shows the actual bonding of atoms to each other.
Condensed Formula
Shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order.
Molecular Formula
States the actual number of each kind of atom found in a molecule.
Structural Isomerism
Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but different structures.
