1|Page
PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 152 A&P II FINAL EXAM 2025-2026 –
120 Q&A VERIFIED, 100% CORRECT ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Correct answer: b) QRS complex
Why: The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization — the rapid
spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium that triggers
ventricular contraction.
Details:
P wave = atrial depolarization.
PR interval = time required for the impulse to travel from the SA node
through the AV node and bundle of His.
T wave = ventricular repolarization.
Numbers: Normal QRS duration < 120 ms (0.12 s).
Clinical: A widened QRS can indicate bundle branch block or
ventricular origin of rhythm (ventricular tachycardia).
Tip / mnemonic: “P → atria, QRS → ventricles, T → they
(repolarize).”
,2|Page
Why others wrong: P wave is atria, T wave is repolarization, PR
interval is conduction time — none describe ventricular
depolarization.
2. Correct answer: b) Contracts and flattens
Why: During inspiration the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
(flattens), increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure
so air flows into the lungs.
Details: Quiet (resting) inspiration is an active process due to diaphragm
contraction. Accessory muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoids) are
recruited during forced inspiration. Expiration at rest is passive (elastic
recoil).
Clinical: Phrenic nerve (C3–C5) injury → diaphragmatic paralysis →
respiratory compromise.
Tip: Think “diaphragm down = inhale.”
Why others wrong: Relaxation moves diaphragm up (expiration), not
inspiration; diaphragm is central to breathing.
,3|Page
3. Correct answer: b) ADH (antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin)
Why: ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the
kidney by binding V2 receptors and triggering insertion of aquaporin-2
channels into the apical membrane of principal cells. That concentrates urine
and reduces urine volume.
Details: Aldosterone primarily increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺
secretion (water follows sodium indirectly). ANP promotes sodium and
water excretion. Cortisol has various metabolic effects but is not the main
water-retaining hormone.
Clinical: Central diabetes insipidus = low ADH → large volumes of dilute
urine; treat with desmopressin (DDAVP). SIADH = high ADH →
hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Tip: ADH = “anti-diuresis” = keep water.
4. Correct answer: a) Arteries
Why: The highest pressures in systemic circulation are found in the large
arteries (aorta and its major branches), especially during systole (peak =
systolic pressure).
Details: Typical normal blood pressure ≈ 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).
, 4|Page
Pressure falls progressively across arterioles and capillaries (capillary
hydrostatic pressure ≈ 35 → 17 mmHg from arterial to venous end) and is
lowest in veins (≈ 2–8 mmHg). Arterioles are the main resistance vessels
and cause the largest pressure drop across the circulation.
Clinical: Hypertension is elevated arterial pressure; damage from high
pressure predominantly affects arteries and end organs.
Tip: “Aorta/arteries = highest.”
5. Correct answer: b) Portal vein
Why: The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood from
the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen to the liver for processing
(detoxification, metabolism, storage).
Details: The hepatic vein drains processed blood from the liver into the
inferior vena cava. The portal system is special — two capillary beds in
series (intestinal capillaries → portal vein → hepatic sinusoids).
Clinical: Portal hypertension (e.g., cirrhosis) causes varices and ascites due
to increased portal venous pressure.
Tip: Portal = to the portal of the liver.
6. Correct answer: b) Cytotoxic T cells
PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 152 A&P II FINAL EXAM 2025-2026 –
120 Q&A VERIFIED, 100% CORRECT ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Correct answer: b) QRS complex
Why: The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization — the rapid
spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium that triggers
ventricular contraction.
Details:
P wave = atrial depolarization.
PR interval = time required for the impulse to travel from the SA node
through the AV node and bundle of His.
T wave = ventricular repolarization.
Numbers: Normal QRS duration < 120 ms (0.12 s).
Clinical: A widened QRS can indicate bundle branch block or
ventricular origin of rhythm (ventricular tachycardia).
Tip / mnemonic: “P → atria, QRS → ventricles, T → they
(repolarize).”
,2|Page
Why others wrong: P wave is atria, T wave is repolarization, PR
interval is conduction time — none describe ventricular
depolarization.
2. Correct answer: b) Contracts and flattens
Why: During inspiration the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
(flattens), increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure
so air flows into the lungs.
Details: Quiet (resting) inspiration is an active process due to diaphragm
contraction. Accessory muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoids) are
recruited during forced inspiration. Expiration at rest is passive (elastic
recoil).
Clinical: Phrenic nerve (C3–C5) injury → diaphragmatic paralysis →
respiratory compromise.
Tip: Think “diaphragm down = inhale.”
Why others wrong: Relaxation moves diaphragm up (expiration), not
inspiration; diaphragm is central to breathing.
,3|Page
3. Correct answer: b) ADH (antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin)
Why: ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the
kidney by binding V2 receptors and triggering insertion of aquaporin-2
channels into the apical membrane of principal cells. That concentrates urine
and reduces urine volume.
Details: Aldosterone primarily increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺
secretion (water follows sodium indirectly). ANP promotes sodium and
water excretion. Cortisol has various metabolic effects but is not the main
water-retaining hormone.
Clinical: Central diabetes insipidus = low ADH → large volumes of dilute
urine; treat with desmopressin (DDAVP). SIADH = high ADH →
hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Tip: ADH = “anti-diuresis” = keep water.
4. Correct answer: a) Arteries
Why: The highest pressures in systemic circulation are found in the large
arteries (aorta and its major branches), especially during systole (peak =
systolic pressure).
Details: Typical normal blood pressure ≈ 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).
, 4|Page
Pressure falls progressively across arterioles and capillaries (capillary
hydrostatic pressure ≈ 35 → 17 mmHg from arterial to venous end) and is
lowest in veins (≈ 2–8 mmHg). Arterioles are the main resistance vessels
and cause the largest pressure drop across the circulation.
Clinical: Hypertension is elevated arterial pressure; damage from high
pressure predominantly affects arteries and end organs.
Tip: “Aorta/arteries = highest.”
5. Correct answer: b) Portal vein
Why: The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood from
the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen to the liver for processing
(detoxification, metabolism, storage).
Details: The hepatic vein drains processed blood from the liver into the
inferior vena cava. The portal system is special — two capillary beds in
series (intestinal capillaries → portal vein → hepatic sinusoids).
Clinical: Portal hypertension (e.g., cirrhosis) causes varices and ascites due
to increased portal venous pressure.
Tip: Portal = to the portal of the liver.
6. Correct answer: b) Cytotoxic T cells
