WGU C785 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - CORRECT
ANSWER - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon
(C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and
charged? - CORRECT ANSWER - Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have"
water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - CORRECT
ANSWER - ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Primary - linear
structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary -
3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine =
multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - CORRECT ANSWER -
hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change
in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - CORRECT
ANSWER - hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - CORRECT ANSWER - Extreme
temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Can cause structure
to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
,What is an electron? - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively charged atom on outer ring for
bonding
What is energy: - CORRECT ANSWER - Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? - CORRECT ANSWER - chemical bond, atoms share 1+
valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - weak bond between positive and
negative
with an amino? - CORRECT ANSWER - piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? - CORRECT ANSWER - piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - strongest bond between reduction
agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? - CORRECT ANSWER - amino with positive and negative charges
= overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide - CORRECT ANSWER - polymer of amino acids
, What is dehydration synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Process of forming peptide
bonds
what is hydrolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER - adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? - CORRECT ANSWER - twisted secondary structure, formed by
hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? - CORRECT ANSWER - folded second structure shape, formed by
hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? - CORRECT ANSWER - loss of shape duet o interruption of
chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? - CORRECT ANSWER - clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins
caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - bind with substrates to
decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER - enzyme recognizes
substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product
complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER - High heat, pH
change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose
function
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - CORRECT
ANSWER - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon
(C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and
charged? - CORRECT ANSWER - Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have"
water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - CORRECT
ANSWER - ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Primary - linear
structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary -
3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine =
multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - CORRECT ANSWER -
hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change
in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - CORRECT
ANSWER - hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - CORRECT ANSWER - Extreme
temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Can cause structure
to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
,What is an electron? - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively charged atom on outer ring for
bonding
What is energy: - CORRECT ANSWER - Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? - CORRECT ANSWER - chemical bond, atoms share 1+
valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - weak bond between positive and
negative
with an amino? - CORRECT ANSWER - piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? - CORRECT ANSWER - piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? - CORRECT ANSWER - strongest bond between reduction
agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? - CORRECT ANSWER - amino with positive and negative charges
= overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide - CORRECT ANSWER - polymer of amino acids
, What is dehydration synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Process of forming peptide
bonds
what is hydrolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER - adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? - CORRECT ANSWER - twisted secondary structure, formed by
hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? - CORRECT ANSWER - folded second structure shape, formed by
hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? - CORRECT ANSWER - loss of shape duet o interruption of
chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? - CORRECT ANSWER - clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins
caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - bind with substrates to
decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER - enzyme recognizes
substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product
complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER - High heat, pH
change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose
function
