Med Surg Cardiac UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
mediastinum - CORRECT ANSWER - area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta,
venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - outermost membrane surrounding the heart- lined
with fluid
parietal pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - lines the pericardial cavity- middle
visceral pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - layer closest to the heart (epicardium)
endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - inner lining of the heart
4 chambers, vessels, and valves
prevents clots
cardiac conduction - CORRECT ANSWER - SA node: "pacemaker" intrinsic rate 100
bpm
AV node: 40-60 bpm
Bundle branch/purkinje: 25-35 bpm right and left
purkinjie fibers
apetm - CORRECT ANSWER - aortic, pulmonic, erb's point, tricuspid,
mitral(apical): 5th intercostal space on left side point of maximum impulse
cardiac cycle - CORRECT ANSWER - systole: contraction, depolarization, emptying
,diastole: relaxation, repolarization, filling
lub dub sound - CORRECT ANSWER - lub: closure of tricuspid and mitral valve
dub: closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER - amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one
minute
about 5-6 liters
low cardiac output = dizzy, SOB, tachypnea (rapid breathing)
stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWER - the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle
with each heartbeat 60-80 mL
preload/ afterload - CORRECT ANSWER - preload: volume entering ventricles filling up
(diuretics and nitrates will cause decrease in preload which gives the heart a break)
afterload: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood to get more oxygen from the
lungs (high afterload causes increased workload= hypertension= give cardiac to vasodilate)
starlings law of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER - During exercise, venous return
increases and stretches the ventricular myocardium, which in response contracts more forcefully.
increase in stroke volume
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - CORRECT ANSWER - a coordinated
system of hormones that regulate the body's blood pressure and water balance
usually activated by low blood pressure
, activated when hypotensive
renin is released in the kidneys
angiotensin I released by the liver and lung release enzyme that turn into angiotensin II
causes vasocontriction, aldosterone, sodium reasbsoprtion, increase blood volume which
increases blood pressure
hormones of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER - epinephrine: increased HR and force of
contraction, dilates vessels
aldosterone: works with RAAS system= regulates Na, K to maintain rhythm conduction
atrial natriuretic peptide ANP: increases excretion of Na and water- decrease BP
potassium: hyperkalemia= administer kayexalate which bind and excreted in fecal matter. If
hypokalemia administer IV/ PO potassium- LPN cannot do potassium
acetylcholine: decreases HR
pathways of circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - pulmonary: begins at right ventricle,
pumps deoxgenated (blue blood) to pulmonary artery (heart and lungs)
systemic: begins when left ventricle pumps oxygen into the aorta and through the body
liver has its own pathway
arteriosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - decrease in elasticity of vessels
Questions and CORRECT Answers
mediastinum - CORRECT ANSWER - area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta,
venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - outermost membrane surrounding the heart- lined
with fluid
parietal pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - lines the pericardial cavity- middle
visceral pericardium - CORRECT ANSWER - layer closest to the heart (epicardium)
endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - inner lining of the heart
4 chambers, vessels, and valves
prevents clots
cardiac conduction - CORRECT ANSWER - SA node: "pacemaker" intrinsic rate 100
bpm
AV node: 40-60 bpm
Bundle branch/purkinje: 25-35 bpm right and left
purkinjie fibers
apetm - CORRECT ANSWER - aortic, pulmonic, erb's point, tricuspid,
mitral(apical): 5th intercostal space on left side point of maximum impulse
cardiac cycle - CORRECT ANSWER - systole: contraction, depolarization, emptying
,diastole: relaxation, repolarization, filling
lub dub sound - CORRECT ANSWER - lub: closure of tricuspid and mitral valve
dub: closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER - amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one
minute
about 5-6 liters
low cardiac output = dizzy, SOB, tachypnea (rapid breathing)
stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWER - the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle
with each heartbeat 60-80 mL
preload/ afterload - CORRECT ANSWER - preload: volume entering ventricles filling up
(diuretics and nitrates will cause decrease in preload which gives the heart a break)
afterload: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood to get more oxygen from the
lungs (high afterload causes increased workload= hypertension= give cardiac to vasodilate)
starlings law of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER - During exercise, venous return
increases and stretches the ventricular myocardium, which in response contracts more forcefully.
increase in stroke volume
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - CORRECT ANSWER - a coordinated
system of hormones that regulate the body's blood pressure and water balance
usually activated by low blood pressure
, activated when hypotensive
renin is released in the kidneys
angiotensin I released by the liver and lung release enzyme that turn into angiotensin II
causes vasocontriction, aldosterone, sodium reasbsoprtion, increase blood volume which
increases blood pressure
hormones of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER - epinephrine: increased HR and force of
contraction, dilates vessels
aldosterone: works with RAAS system= regulates Na, K to maintain rhythm conduction
atrial natriuretic peptide ANP: increases excretion of Na and water- decrease BP
potassium: hyperkalemia= administer kayexalate which bind and excreted in fecal matter. If
hypokalemia administer IV/ PO potassium- LPN cannot do potassium
acetylcholine: decreases HR
pathways of circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - pulmonary: begins at right ventricle,
pumps deoxgenated (blue blood) to pulmonary artery (heart and lungs)
systemic: begins when left ventricle pumps oxygen into the aorta and through the body
liver has its own pathway
arteriosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - decrease in elasticity of vessels
