UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT II
COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS
Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem – Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Objects – Control Units -
Communication modules (Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wifi, GPS, GSM Modules)
2.1 Functional blocks of an iot ecosystem
2.1.1 IOT Functional Blocks
2.1.2 Advantages of IoT Functional Blocks
2.2 Sensors in Internet Of Things (IOT)
2.2.1 Sensor’s characteristics
2.2.1.1 Static characteristics
2.2.1.2 Dynamic Characteristics
2.2.2 Sensor Classification
2.2.3 Types of sensors
2.3 Actuators in IOT
2.3.1 Types of Actuator
2.4 Smart Objects
2.4.1 Classification of Smart Objects:
2.5 Control Units
2.6 IOT communication protocols
2.6.1 Bluetooth
2.6.1.1 Architecture of Bluetooth
2.6.1.2 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
2.6.1.3 Types of Bluetooth
2.6.1.4 Applications of Bluetooth
2.6.1.5 Advantages
2.6.1.6 Disadvantages
2.6.2 WiFi
2.6.2.1 Introduction to Wifi
2.6.2.2 ISM Band
2.6.2.3 Wi-Fi network services:
2.6.3 ZIGBEE
2.6.3.1 Features
2.6.3.2 Zigbee Architecture
2.6.3.3 Working of Zigbee
2.3.6.4 Logical Device Types
2.3.6.5 ZigBee Network Formation
2.3.6.6 Simple Tree Routing Protocol
2.6.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)
2.6.5 GSM modules
*******
2.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF AN IOT ECOSYSTEM
1
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
,UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Explain the functional blocks of an IoT ecosystem with examples. [MAY 2025]
✓ An IoT System is a collection of devices that provide sensing, actuation, control and monitoring
activities using the internet.
✓ IoT equipment can exchange data with other connected devices and application or collect data from
other devices and process the data either locally by sending the data to a centralized server or cloud-
based application backend for data handling (Google Cloud, 2018).
✓ The IoT functional block is dependent on temporal and space constraints (Memory, processing
capabilities, communication latencies and speed). Figure shows the component that makes up the
functional block of IoT.
Figure 2.1: Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem.
The Figure 2.1 shows the main component of IoT functional blocks:
➢ Communication:
o The communication block performs the communication between devices and remote servers.
o IoT communication protocols work in the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and
application layer.
➢ Services:
o An IoT system serves various types of functions such as services for device modelling, device
control, data publishing, data analytics, and device discovery.
➢ Management:
o Management block provides different functions that manage the IoT system functionality.
2.1.1 IOT Functional Blocks
❖ IoT systems are composed of a number of building blocks, including sensors/actuators, connectivity,
security, services, etc.
❖ The functional blocks are responsible for sensing, verification, actuation, management, and
communication.
❖ These functional blocks are made up of devices that handle interactions between a web server and the
client.
2
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
,UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
❖ These functional blocks enable controls and monitoring functions, manage data transfer, secure the
IoT system through authentication and various purposes.
❖ Also, offer an interface for monitoring and managing various concepts.
Sensor/Actuator block:
✓ The sensor/actuator block serves as the data entry point in an IoT system.
✓ Sensors collect data from their surroundings, whereas actuators drive physical processes.
✓ The sensors gather data on temperature, humidity, light, motion, and other variables.
✓ The actuators turn on lights, open doors, and control machines.
✓ These gadgets work together to collect data and operate in the physical world.
Connectivity Block:
✓ Once the sensor/actuator block has collected data, it must be sent to the rest of the system.
✓ The connectivity block is in charge of creating and managing communication channels amongst IoT
system devices.
✓ This can be accomplished with the use of several technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and
cellular networks.
Data Processing Block:
✓ The obtained data is examined and processed in the data processing block.
✓ This block is in charge of filtering out noise and irrelevant data.
✓ This block is converting the data into an easily studied format.
✓ Also, recognizing patterns and anomalies in the data.
✓ This block can also execute real-time analysis, enabling speedy data-driven decisions.
Application Block:
✓ The application block is the component of the IoT system that gives value to the end user.
✓ This block is in charge of utilizing the processed data to provide a specified function or service.
✓ An application block, for example, could be used to provide insights into energy usage in a building or
to adjust the temperature in a greenhouse.
Security Block:
✓ The security block is in charge of assuring the IoT system's security and protection against illegal
access.
✓ This block is in charge of authentication and authorization, as well as data encryption during
transmission and storage.
✓ It also handles intrusion detection and response, assisting in the prevention and mitigation of
threats.
3
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
, UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Figure 2.2: Block Diagram of IoT Ecosystem
Management Block:
✓ The management block is in charge of overseeing the overall operation of the IoT system.
✓ This block is capable of handling device configuration, firmware updates, and system monitoring.
✓ It can also give analytics and reporting, allowing system administrators to understand how the system
is operating and find areas for improvement.
2.1.2 Advantages of IoT Functional Blocks
IoT Functional Blocks provide various advantages to enterprises and people interested in
implementing IoT solutions.
These advantages include:
4
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
UNIT II
COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS
Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem – Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Objects – Control Units -
Communication modules (Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wifi, GPS, GSM Modules)
2.1 Functional blocks of an iot ecosystem
2.1.1 IOT Functional Blocks
2.1.2 Advantages of IoT Functional Blocks
2.2 Sensors in Internet Of Things (IOT)
2.2.1 Sensor’s characteristics
2.2.1.1 Static characteristics
2.2.1.2 Dynamic Characteristics
2.2.2 Sensor Classification
2.2.3 Types of sensors
2.3 Actuators in IOT
2.3.1 Types of Actuator
2.4 Smart Objects
2.4.1 Classification of Smart Objects:
2.5 Control Units
2.6 IOT communication protocols
2.6.1 Bluetooth
2.6.1.1 Architecture of Bluetooth
2.6.1.2 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
2.6.1.3 Types of Bluetooth
2.6.1.4 Applications of Bluetooth
2.6.1.5 Advantages
2.6.1.6 Disadvantages
2.6.2 WiFi
2.6.2.1 Introduction to Wifi
2.6.2.2 ISM Band
2.6.2.3 Wi-Fi network services:
2.6.3 ZIGBEE
2.6.3.1 Features
2.6.3.2 Zigbee Architecture
2.6.3.3 Working of Zigbee
2.3.6.4 Logical Device Types
2.3.6.5 ZigBee Network Formation
2.3.6.6 Simple Tree Routing Protocol
2.6.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)
2.6.5 GSM modules
*******
2.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF AN IOT ECOSYSTEM
1
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
,UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Explain the functional blocks of an IoT ecosystem with examples. [MAY 2025]
✓ An IoT System is a collection of devices that provide sensing, actuation, control and monitoring
activities using the internet.
✓ IoT equipment can exchange data with other connected devices and application or collect data from
other devices and process the data either locally by sending the data to a centralized server or cloud-
based application backend for data handling (Google Cloud, 2018).
✓ The IoT functional block is dependent on temporal and space constraints (Memory, processing
capabilities, communication latencies and speed). Figure shows the component that makes up the
functional block of IoT.
Figure 2.1: Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem.
The Figure 2.1 shows the main component of IoT functional blocks:
➢ Communication:
o The communication block performs the communication between devices and remote servers.
o IoT communication protocols work in the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and
application layer.
➢ Services:
o An IoT system serves various types of functions such as services for device modelling, device
control, data publishing, data analytics, and device discovery.
➢ Management:
o Management block provides different functions that manage the IoT system functionality.
2.1.1 IOT Functional Blocks
❖ IoT systems are composed of a number of building blocks, including sensors/actuators, connectivity,
security, services, etc.
❖ The functional blocks are responsible for sensing, verification, actuation, management, and
communication.
❖ These functional blocks are made up of devices that handle interactions between a web server and the
client.
2
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
,UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
❖ These functional blocks enable controls and monitoring functions, manage data transfer, secure the
IoT system through authentication and various purposes.
❖ Also, offer an interface for monitoring and managing various concepts.
Sensor/Actuator block:
✓ The sensor/actuator block serves as the data entry point in an IoT system.
✓ Sensors collect data from their surroundings, whereas actuators drive physical processes.
✓ The sensors gather data on temperature, humidity, light, motion, and other variables.
✓ The actuators turn on lights, open doors, and control machines.
✓ These gadgets work together to collect data and operate in the physical world.
Connectivity Block:
✓ Once the sensor/actuator block has collected data, it must be sent to the rest of the system.
✓ The connectivity block is in charge of creating and managing communication channels amongst IoT
system devices.
✓ This can be accomplished with the use of several technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and
cellular networks.
Data Processing Block:
✓ The obtained data is examined and processed in the data processing block.
✓ This block is in charge of filtering out noise and irrelevant data.
✓ This block is converting the data into an easily studied format.
✓ Also, recognizing patterns and anomalies in the data.
✓ This block can also execute real-time analysis, enabling speedy data-driven decisions.
Application Block:
✓ The application block is the component of the IoT system that gives value to the end user.
✓ This block is in charge of utilizing the processed data to provide a specified function or service.
✓ An application block, for example, could be used to provide insights into energy usage in a building or
to adjust the temperature in a greenhouse.
Security Block:
✓ The security block is in charge of assuring the IoT system's security and protection against illegal
access.
✓ This block is in charge of authentication and authorization, as well as data encryption during
transmission and storage.
✓ It also handles intrusion detection and response, assisting in the prevention and mitigation of
threats.
3
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
, UNIT II COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Figure 2.2: Block Diagram of IoT Ecosystem
Management Block:
✓ The management block is in charge of overseeing the overall operation of the IoT system.
✓ This block is capable of handling device configuration, firmware updates, and system monitoring.
✓ It can also give analytics and reporting, allowing system administrators to understand how the system
is operating and find areas for improvement.
2.1.2 Advantages of IoT Functional Blocks
IoT Functional Blocks provide various advantages to enterprises and people interested in
implementing IoT solutions.
These advantages include:
4
Prepared by: Mr. S. Parthiban, M. Tech., Asst. Prof., VRSCET.
