UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution of Internet of Things – Enabling Technologies – IoT Architectures: oneM2M, IoT World Forum
(IoTWF) and Alternative IoT Models – Simplified IoT Architecture and Core IoT Functional Stack – Fog,
Edge and Cloud in IoT
1.1 Internet of Things
1.2 Components of IOT
1.2.1 Components Of IOT
1.2.2 Working Of IOT
1.2.3 Physical Design
1.3 Evolution of Internet of Things
1.4 Enabling Technologies
1.5 IoT Architectures:
1.5.1 oneM2M
1.5.2 The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture
1.5.3 Alternative IoT Models
1.6 Simplified IoT Architecture and Core IoT Functional Stack
1.6.1 Simplified IoT Architecture
1.6.2 Core IoT Functional Stack
1.7 Fog, Edge and Cloud in IoT
1.7.1 FOG Computing in IOT
1.7.2 EDGE Computing in IOT
1.7.3 Edge vs. cloud vs. fog computing
******
1.1 INTERNET OF THINGS
Explain in detail about Internet of Things. || Discuss in detail about the need for Internet of Things
citing examples. (7) [DEC 2024]
Introduction
➢ Internet of Things (IoT) enables everyday devices to connect and communicate with each other and
with people through the Internet.
➢ These devices can exchange data in different ways depending on their function.
➢ Examples include smartphones communicating with each other, vehicles sharing information, and
connected devices like video cameras and medical tools.
➢ Devices can send information to users, companies, or third parties, and also collect large amounts of data.
➢ The term "Things" refers to physical or informational entities that are identifiable and connected to
communication networks.
➢ Each "thing" carries data, which may be unchanging (static) or constantly updating (dynamic).
➢ Physical things are real-world objects that can be observed (sensed), controlled (actuated), and linked to
networks.
➢ Examples include natural environments, industrial robots, products, and electrical appliances.
1
,UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
➢ Virtual things exist in the digital space and can be saved, processed, or accessed online.
➢ Common examples are multimedia files (like videos or images) and application software.
➢ A device is equipment that must be able to communicate and may also have features like sensing, data
collection, storage, or processing.
➢ Devices gather information and send it to networks, where the data is further used or analyzed.
➢ Some devices also act based on commands or data received from the network.
➢ Fig. 1.1 shows evolutionary phase of internet.
Figure 1.1 Evolutionary phase of internet
➢ Evolutionary phase of internet is Connectivity, Networked Economy, Immersive Experiences and IoT.
1. Connectivity: People are connected to email, web services, and information searches in this phase.
2. Networked Economy: This phase facilitates e-commerce and enhances supply chains, promoting
collaborative engagement to improve business process efficiency.
3. Immersive Experiences: This phase expands the Internet experience to include extensive video and
social media, ensuring constant connectivity through mobility.
4. Internet of Things: This phase introduces connectivity to objects and machines in the world, enabling
new services and experiences.
*****
Discuss about the definitions & characteristics of IOT.
Definition
➢ IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical objects like devices, vehicles, and buildings with
embedded electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity.
➢ These objects can collect and exchange data.
➢ IoT allows everyday devices to connect with other devices and people through the Internet.
2
,UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Figure 1.2 IOT - Devices connect and communicate.
➢ Devices connect and communicate in various ways.
➢ Examples include smartphones interacting with each other, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and
connected video cameras and medical devices.
➢ These devices can talk to users, send data to companies, and gather large data sets for third parties.
➢ IoT data is smaller but transmitted more often than traditional data.
➢ It supports more connected devices (nodes).
➢ M2M communication and smart systems automate basic business tasks.
IOT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Interconnectivity: Everything connects globally.
2. Heterogeneity: IoT devices interact across diverse hardware and networks.
3. Things-related services: Offers services related to things while maintaining privacy and consistency.
4. Dynamic changes: Device states vary dynamically.
5. Integrated into information network: IoT devices exchange data within the information network.
6. Self-adapting: Systems automatically adjust to changing requirements.
7. Self-configuration: Involves actions like neighbor discovery and resource provisioning.
******
1.2 COMPONENTS AND WORKING OF IOT.
Discuss about the components and working of IOT.
1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF IOT
1. IoT hardware includes a remote dashboard, control devices, servers, routers/bridges, and sensors.
2. These devices handle tasks like system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and
detection to support specific goals.
Major components of IoT devices are as follows:
1. Control Unit: A compact computer with a processor, memory, and programmable I/O. It manages
main operations.
2. Sensor: Devices measuring physical quantities, converting them into signals read by the
microcontroller. These devices include energy modules, power management, RF modules, and sensing
modules, categorized as digital or analog.
3
, UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
➢ Analog data is converted to a digital value that can be transmitted to the Internet.
a. Temperature sensors: accelerometers
b. Image sensors: gyroscopes
c. Light sensors: acoustic sensors
d. Microflow sensors: humidity sensors
e. Gas RFID sensors: pressure sensors
3. Communication Modules: These device components facilitate communication within the IoT
platform, offering connectivity based on designed wireless or wired communication protocols.
The communication between IoT devices and the Internet is performed in two ways:
a) There is an Internet-enable intermediate node acting as a gateway;
b) The IoT Device has direct communication with the Internet.
The communication between the main control unit and the communication module uses serial protocol
in most cases.
4. Power sources: In small devices, power typically comes from sources like batteries, thermocouples,
and solar cells. Mobile devices primarily use lightweight rechargeable batteries for extended life.
5. Communication technology and protocol: IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking
technologies.
a. Major IoT technologies and protocols include RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, wireless,
radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct.
b. These support the specific networking needs of an IoT system, differing from a standard
uniform network.
1.2.2 WORKING OF IOT:
➢ Figure 1.3 shows working of IOT.
4
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution of Internet of Things – Enabling Technologies – IoT Architectures: oneM2M, IoT World Forum
(IoTWF) and Alternative IoT Models – Simplified IoT Architecture and Core IoT Functional Stack – Fog,
Edge and Cloud in IoT
1.1 Internet of Things
1.2 Components of IOT
1.2.1 Components Of IOT
1.2.2 Working Of IOT
1.2.3 Physical Design
1.3 Evolution of Internet of Things
1.4 Enabling Technologies
1.5 IoT Architectures:
1.5.1 oneM2M
1.5.2 The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture
1.5.3 Alternative IoT Models
1.6 Simplified IoT Architecture and Core IoT Functional Stack
1.6.1 Simplified IoT Architecture
1.6.2 Core IoT Functional Stack
1.7 Fog, Edge and Cloud in IoT
1.7.1 FOG Computing in IOT
1.7.2 EDGE Computing in IOT
1.7.3 Edge vs. cloud vs. fog computing
******
1.1 INTERNET OF THINGS
Explain in detail about Internet of Things. || Discuss in detail about the need for Internet of Things
citing examples. (7) [DEC 2024]
Introduction
➢ Internet of Things (IoT) enables everyday devices to connect and communicate with each other and
with people through the Internet.
➢ These devices can exchange data in different ways depending on their function.
➢ Examples include smartphones communicating with each other, vehicles sharing information, and
connected devices like video cameras and medical tools.
➢ Devices can send information to users, companies, or third parties, and also collect large amounts of data.
➢ The term "Things" refers to physical or informational entities that are identifiable and connected to
communication networks.
➢ Each "thing" carries data, which may be unchanging (static) or constantly updating (dynamic).
➢ Physical things are real-world objects that can be observed (sensed), controlled (actuated), and linked to
networks.
➢ Examples include natural environments, industrial robots, products, and electrical appliances.
1
,UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
➢ Virtual things exist in the digital space and can be saved, processed, or accessed online.
➢ Common examples are multimedia files (like videos or images) and application software.
➢ A device is equipment that must be able to communicate and may also have features like sensing, data
collection, storage, or processing.
➢ Devices gather information and send it to networks, where the data is further used or analyzed.
➢ Some devices also act based on commands or data received from the network.
➢ Fig. 1.1 shows evolutionary phase of internet.
Figure 1.1 Evolutionary phase of internet
➢ Evolutionary phase of internet is Connectivity, Networked Economy, Immersive Experiences and IoT.
1. Connectivity: People are connected to email, web services, and information searches in this phase.
2. Networked Economy: This phase facilitates e-commerce and enhances supply chains, promoting
collaborative engagement to improve business process efficiency.
3. Immersive Experiences: This phase expands the Internet experience to include extensive video and
social media, ensuring constant connectivity through mobility.
4. Internet of Things: This phase introduces connectivity to objects and machines in the world, enabling
new services and experiences.
*****
Discuss about the definitions & characteristics of IOT.
Definition
➢ IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical objects like devices, vehicles, and buildings with
embedded electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity.
➢ These objects can collect and exchange data.
➢ IoT allows everyday devices to connect with other devices and people through the Internet.
2
,UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Figure 1.2 IOT - Devices connect and communicate.
➢ Devices connect and communicate in various ways.
➢ Examples include smartphones interacting with each other, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and
connected video cameras and medical devices.
➢ These devices can talk to users, send data to companies, and gather large data sets for third parties.
➢ IoT data is smaller but transmitted more often than traditional data.
➢ It supports more connected devices (nodes).
➢ M2M communication and smart systems automate basic business tasks.
IOT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Interconnectivity: Everything connects globally.
2. Heterogeneity: IoT devices interact across diverse hardware and networks.
3. Things-related services: Offers services related to things while maintaining privacy and consistency.
4. Dynamic changes: Device states vary dynamically.
5. Integrated into information network: IoT devices exchange data within the information network.
6. Self-adapting: Systems automatically adjust to changing requirements.
7. Self-configuration: Involves actions like neighbor discovery and resource provisioning.
******
1.2 COMPONENTS AND WORKING OF IOT.
Discuss about the components and working of IOT.
1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF IOT
1. IoT hardware includes a remote dashboard, control devices, servers, routers/bridges, and sensors.
2. These devices handle tasks like system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and
detection to support specific goals.
Major components of IoT devices are as follows:
1. Control Unit: A compact computer with a processor, memory, and programmable I/O. It manages
main operations.
2. Sensor: Devices measuring physical quantities, converting them into signals read by the
microcontroller. These devices include energy modules, power management, RF modules, and sensing
modules, categorized as digital or analog.
3
, UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS OCS352 IOT CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
➢ Analog data is converted to a digital value that can be transmitted to the Internet.
a. Temperature sensors: accelerometers
b. Image sensors: gyroscopes
c. Light sensors: acoustic sensors
d. Microflow sensors: humidity sensors
e. Gas RFID sensors: pressure sensors
3. Communication Modules: These device components facilitate communication within the IoT
platform, offering connectivity based on designed wireless or wired communication protocols.
The communication between IoT devices and the Internet is performed in two ways:
a) There is an Internet-enable intermediate node acting as a gateway;
b) The IoT Device has direct communication with the Internet.
The communication between the main control unit and the communication module uses serial protocol
in most cases.
4. Power sources: In small devices, power typically comes from sources like batteries, thermocouples,
and solar cells. Mobile devices primarily use lightweight rechargeable batteries for extended life.
5. Communication technology and protocol: IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking
technologies.
a. Major IoT technologies and protocols include RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, wireless,
radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct.
b. These support the specific networking needs of an IoT system, differing from a standard
uniform network.
1.2.2 WORKING OF IOT:
➢ Figure 1.3 shows working of IOT.
4
