,SOLUTION MANUAL FOR Introductory Statistics
Exploring the World Through Data, 4th edition
Gould
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, INSTRUCTOR
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
ROBERT GOULD
University of California, Los Angeles
REBECCA WONG
West Valley College
COLLEEN RYAN
Moorpark Community College
INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS:
EXPLORING THE WORLD
THROUGH DATA
Fourth Edition
221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 1 04/09
, Content Development: Robert Carroll, Phillip Oslin
Content/Product Management: Laura Briskman
Content Production: Nupur Anand, Gaurav Kumar, Jyoti Shaw, Sandra Rodriguez, Pallavi Pandit,
Stephanie Woodward
Product Marketing: Demetrius Hall
Rights and Permissions: Anjali Singh and Chandan Kumar
Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All
Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions
department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
PEARSON and MYLAB are exclusive trademarks owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or
other countries.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the
property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are
for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement,
authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and
Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.
PPID: A103000349554
www.pearsonhighered.com
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 2 04/09
, CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Data1
CHAPTER 2 Picturing Variation with Graphs10
CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Center and Variation21
CHAPTER 4 Regression Analysis: Exploring Associations between Variables36
CHAPTER 5 Modeling Variation with Probability53
CHAPTER 6 Modeling Random Events: The Normal and Binomial Models69
CHAPTER 7 Survey Sampling and Inference91
CHAPTER 8 Hypothesis Testing for Population Proportions106
CHAPTER 9 Inferring Population Means128
CHAPTER 10 Associations between Categorical Variables156
CHAPTER 11 Multiple Comparisons and Analysis of Variance177
CHAPTER 12 Experimental Design: Controlling Variation195
CHAPTER 13 Inference without Normality204
CHAPTER 14 Inference for Regression215
iii
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 3 04/09
,Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 4 04/09
, Chapter 1: Introduction to Data 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data
Section 1.2: Classifying and Storing Data
1.1. There are eight variables: “Level of anxiety”, “Commute time to campus”, “Work at a job for pay”,
“Commute time to work place”, “Hair color”, “Previously taken a statistics course”, “height”, and
“College units completed”.
1.2. There are observations for fourteen students.
1.3. a. Commute time to campus is numerical since it’s measured in minutes.
b. Hair color is categorical, the categories are “black” and “blonde”.
c. Previously taken a statistics course is categorical, student either has taken course or not.
1.4. a. Commute time to work is numerical since it’s measured in minutes.
b. Level of anxiety about course is categorical, the categories are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
c. Height is numerical since it’s measured in inches.
1.5. Answers will vary but could include such things as number of friends on Facebook or foot length. Don’t
copy these answers.
1.6. Answers will vary but could include such things as eye color or country of origin. Don’t copy these
answers.
1.7. 0 = no previous statistics course, 1 = has taken a previous statistics course. The sum represents the total
number who had previously taken a statistics course.
1.8. There would be two 0’s and twelve 1’s.
1.9. a. 1.10. a.
Freshman Upperclassman
0 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
1 0
b. College units completed is numerical. b. College units completed is numerical.
c. Freshman is categorical. c. Upperclassman is categorical.
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
,2 Introductory Statistics, 4th edition
1.11 a. The data is stacked. 1.12 a. The data is unstacked.
b. 0 = not a home game (away game), 1 = b. Labels for columns will vary.
home game.
Home Score
c.
1 134
Home Game Away Game
1 119
4 8
1 126
4 7
1 123
10 2
1 128
6
1 131
0 112
0 134
0 111
0 102
0 113
0 109
c. Home (Game location) is categorical,
Score is numerical
1.13 a. Stacked and coded b. Unstacked
Calories Sweet Sweet Salty
90 1 90 150
310 1 310 600
500 1 500 500
500 1 500 550
600 1 600
90 1 90
150 0
600 0
500 0
550 0
Alternatively, the second column could be
labeled “Salty” with the 1’s being 0’s and the
0’s being 1’s.
1.14 a. Stacked and coded Alternatively, the second column could be
Cost Male labeled “Female” with the 1’s being 0’s and
the 0’s being 1’s.
10 1 b. Unstacked
15 1
Male Female
15 1
25 1 10 8
12 1 15 30
8 0 15 15
30 0 25 15
15 0 12
15 0
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1: Introduction to Data 3
Section 1.3: Investigating Data
1.15 Yes. Use Level of Anxiety and Previously Taken a Statistics Course.
1.16 Yes. Use Level of Anxiety and College Units Completed.
1.17 No. Data on student ages are not included in the table.
1.18 No. Data on number of hours worked weekly are not included in the table.
1.19 a. Yes. Use Date.
b. No. Data on temperature are not included in the table.
c. Yes. Use Fatal and Species of Shark.
d. Yes. Use Location.
1.20 Yes. Use Time and Activity.
Section 1.4: Organizing Categorical Data
1.21
Men Women Total
Yes 33 32 33 + 32 =65
No 7 13 20
Total 40 32 + 13 =
45 85
a. = 82.5% c. = 50.8%
b. = 71.1% d. × 250 =
206
1.22
Men Women Total
Yes 23 13 23 + 13 =36
No 4 14 18
Total 27 13 + 14 =
27 54
a. = 14.8% c. = 22.2%
b. = 51.9% d. × 600 =89
1.23 a. Total number of faculty = 840 + 825 = 1665. Full time %: × 100% =
50.5%
b. Part-time: 0.59 (1100 ) = 649
Full-time: 0.41(1100 ) = 451
c. 0.52 ( x ) = 130
130
x=
0.52
= 250 faculty members
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 4 Introductory Statistics, 4th edition
1.24 a. Total number of nursing staff = 1250 + 250 = 1500. × 100% =
83.3%
b. RN: 0.32 ( 950 ) = 304
LVN: 0.68 ( 950 ) = 646
c. 0.28 ( x ) = 189
189
x=
0.28
= 675 nurses
1.25 The frequency of black-haired students is 12, the proportion is , and the percentage is
× 100% =
85.7%.
1.26 The frequency of students who work at a job for pay is 13, the proportion is , and the percentage is
× 100% =
92.9%.
1.27 The answers follow the guidance on page 40.
a. and b.
Previously Taken Statistics
Work for Pay Yes No Total
Yes 8 5 13
No 0 1 1
Total 8 6 14
c. × 100% =42.9% f. % of those who work for pay who had
d. × 100% =100% previously taken statistics:
× 100% =61.5%; 0.615 ( 20 ) = 12.3;
e. × 100% =
92.9%
about 12 students.
1.28 a. and b.
Anxiety about Taking Course
Prev. Taken Stats 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Yes 1 2 0 1 4 8
No 0 0 1 2 3 6
Total 1 2 1 3 7 14
c. × 100% =50% f. % of those who had not previously taken
d. × 100% =0% statistics with anxiety levels of 4 or 5:
× 100% = 83.3%; 0.833 ( 40 ) = 33.3;
e. × 100% =
42.9%
about 33 students.
1.29 1.254 x = 4560
4560
x=
1.254
x = 3636.4 thousand (final value could be rounded differently)
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exploring the World Through Data, 4th edition
Gould
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, INSTRUCTOR
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
ROBERT GOULD
University of California, Los Angeles
REBECCA WONG
West Valley College
COLLEEN RYAN
Moorpark Community College
INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS:
EXPLORING THE WORLD
THROUGH DATA
Fourth Edition
221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 1 04/09
, Content Development: Robert Carroll, Phillip Oslin
Content/Product Management: Laura Briskman
Content Production: Nupur Anand, Gaurav Kumar, Jyoti Shaw, Sandra Rodriguez, Pallavi Pandit,
Stephanie Woodward
Product Marketing: Demetrius Hall
Rights and Permissions: Anjali Singh and Chandan Kumar
Copyright © 2025, 2020, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All
Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions
department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
PEARSON and MYLAB are exclusive trademarks owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or
other countries.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the
property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are
for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement,
authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and
Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.
PPID: A103000349554
www.pearsonhighered.com
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 2 04/09
, CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Data1
CHAPTER 2 Picturing Variation with Graphs10
CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Center and Variation21
CHAPTER 4 Regression Analysis: Exploring Associations between Variables36
CHAPTER 5 Modeling Variation with Probability53
CHAPTER 6 Modeling Random Events: The Normal and Binomial Models69
CHAPTER 7 Survey Sampling and Inference91
CHAPTER 8 Hypothesis Testing for Population Proportions106
CHAPTER 9 Inferring Population Means128
CHAPTER 10 Associations between Categorical Variables156
CHAPTER 11 Multiple Comparisons and Analysis of Variance177
CHAPTER 12 Experimental Design: Controlling Variation195
CHAPTER 13 Inference without Normality204
CHAPTER 14 Inference for Regression215
iii
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 3 04/09
,Gould_A1030003495544e_ISM_FM.indd 4 04/09
, Chapter 1: Introduction to Data 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data
Section 1.2: Classifying and Storing Data
1.1. There are eight variables: “Level of anxiety”, “Commute time to campus”, “Work at a job for pay”,
“Commute time to work place”, “Hair color”, “Previously taken a statistics course”, “height”, and
“College units completed”.
1.2. There are observations for fourteen students.
1.3. a. Commute time to campus is numerical since it’s measured in minutes.
b. Hair color is categorical, the categories are “black” and “blonde”.
c. Previously taken a statistics course is categorical, student either has taken course or not.
1.4. a. Commute time to work is numerical since it’s measured in minutes.
b. Level of anxiety about course is categorical, the categories are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
c. Height is numerical since it’s measured in inches.
1.5. Answers will vary but could include such things as number of friends on Facebook or foot length. Don’t
copy these answers.
1.6. Answers will vary but could include such things as eye color or country of origin. Don’t copy these
answers.
1.7. 0 = no previous statistics course, 1 = has taken a previous statistics course. The sum represents the total
number who had previously taken a statistics course.
1.8. There would be two 0’s and twelve 1’s.
1.9. a. 1.10. a.
Freshman Upperclassman
0 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
1 0
b. College units completed is numerical. b. College units completed is numerical.
c. Freshman is categorical. c. Upperclassman is categorical.
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
,2 Introductory Statistics, 4th edition
1.11 a. The data is stacked. 1.12 a. The data is unstacked.
b. 0 = not a home game (away game), 1 = b. Labels for columns will vary.
home game.
Home Score
c.
1 134
Home Game Away Game
1 119
4 8
1 126
4 7
1 123
10 2
1 128
6
1 131
0 112
0 134
0 111
0 102
0 113
0 109
c. Home (Game location) is categorical,
Score is numerical
1.13 a. Stacked and coded b. Unstacked
Calories Sweet Sweet Salty
90 1 90 150
310 1 310 600
500 1 500 500
500 1 500 550
600 1 600
90 1 90
150 0
600 0
500 0
550 0
Alternatively, the second column could be
labeled “Salty” with the 1’s being 0’s and the
0’s being 1’s.
1.14 a. Stacked and coded Alternatively, the second column could be
Cost Male labeled “Female” with the 1’s being 0’s and
the 0’s being 1’s.
10 1 b. Unstacked
15 1
Male Female
15 1
25 1 10 8
12 1 15 30
8 0 15 15
30 0 25 15
15 0 12
15 0
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1: Introduction to Data 3
Section 1.3: Investigating Data
1.15 Yes. Use Level of Anxiety and Previously Taken a Statistics Course.
1.16 Yes. Use Level of Anxiety and College Units Completed.
1.17 No. Data on student ages are not included in the table.
1.18 No. Data on number of hours worked weekly are not included in the table.
1.19 a. Yes. Use Date.
b. No. Data on temperature are not included in the table.
c. Yes. Use Fatal and Species of Shark.
d. Yes. Use Location.
1.20 Yes. Use Time and Activity.
Section 1.4: Organizing Categorical Data
1.21
Men Women Total
Yes 33 32 33 + 32 =65
No 7 13 20
Total 40 32 + 13 =
45 85
a. = 82.5% c. = 50.8%
b. = 71.1% d. × 250 =
206
1.22
Men Women Total
Yes 23 13 23 + 13 =36
No 4 14 18
Total 27 13 + 14 =
27 54
a. = 14.8% c. = 22.2%
b. = 51.9% d. × 600 =89
1.23 a. Total number of faculty = 840 + 825 = 1665. Full time %: × 100% =
50.5%
b. Part-time: 0.59 (1100 ) = 649
Full-time: 0.41(1100 ) = 451
c. 0.52 ( x ) = 130
130
x=
0.52
= 250 faculty members
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 4 Introductory Statistics, 4th edition
1.24 a. Total number of nursing staff = 1250 + 250 = 1500. × 100% =
83.3%
b. RN: 0.32 ( 950 ) = 304
LVN: 0.68 ( 950 ) = 646
c. 0.28 ( x ) = 189
189
x=
0.28
= 675 nurses
1.25 The frequency of black-haired students is 12, the proportion is , and the percentage is
× 100% =
85.7%.
1.26 The frequency of students who work at a job for pay is 13, the proportion is , and the percentage is
× 100% =
92.9%.
1.27 The answers follow the guidance on page 40.
a. and b.
Previously Taken Statistics
Work for Pay Yes No Total
Yes 8 5 13
No 0 1 1
Total 8 6 14
c. × 100% =42.9% f. % of those who work for pay who had
d. × 100% =100% previously taken statistics:
× 100% =61.5%; 0.615 ( 20 ) = 12.3;
e. × 100% =
92.9%
about 12 students.
1.28 a. and b.
Anxiety about Taking Course
Prev. Taken Stats 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Yes 1 2 0 1 4 8
No 0 0 1 2 3 6
Total 1 2 1 3 7 14
c. × 100% =50% f. % of those who had not previously taken
d. × 100% =0% statistics with anxiety levels of 4 or 5:
× 100% = 83.3%; 0.833 ( 40 ) = 33.3;
e. × 100% =
42.9%
about 33 students.
1.29 1.254 x = 4560
4560
x=
1.254
x = 3636.4 thousand (final value could be rounded differently)
Copyright © 2025 Pearson Education, Inc.
