CONTENTS
Unit No. Title Page No
1. Industrial Revolution 1
2. The American Revolution 19
3. French Revolution 35
4. Russian Revolution 51
5. Theories of Imperialism 75
6. Nature of Colonial Rule in Asia 88
7. Nature of Colonial Rule in Africa 95
8. Unification of Germany and Italy 106
9. Zionism 118
10. Arab Nationalism 125
11. Nazism, Fascism 130
12. Human Tragedy and Existentialism 139
13. Process of Decolonization and Cold War 147
*****
, 1
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Unit Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Meaning of the Industrial Revolution
1.3 Nature of Industrial Revolution
1.4 Causes of Industrial Revolution
1.5 Development of Industrial Revolution
1.6 Impact of the Industrial Revolution
1.7 Growth of Socialism and Communism
1.8 Summary
1.9 Questions
1.10 Additional Readings
1.0 OBJECTIVES
• To understand the meaning of the Industrial Revolution.
• To examine the nature of the Industrial Revolution.
• To know the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
• To study the course of the Industrial Revolution.
• To review the development of the Industrial Revolution
• To assess the impact of the Industrial Revolution.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
From the beginning of history until the Industrial Revolution the work in
the world was done with hand tools. During this time power was supplied
by human or animal muscles with the help of pulleys or levers. It was also
supplemented by force of running water or moving air. The process of
shifting from hand tools to power machinery for substitution of manual
work by machines can be termed as Industrial Revolution. The earlier
revolutions were turbulent and affected political, religious and social life.
Many of them were destructive and were accompanied by executions,
imprisonments and wars. The Industrial Revolution was slow and quiet
1
,Milestones In World but when it gained momentum, it became the most noisy, affecting every
History aspect of the life of man.
(1750 CE-1960 CE)
Looking back over the past, to the times when men lived the life of
hunting and food gathering, one marvels at the progress men have made
since then. Inventions of fire, cultivation, wheel and metals were on
themselves magnificent achievements for the ancient men. Industrial
Revolution has proved to be even a greater achievement. It transformed
the agrarian society into an industrial one and totally changed the life of
man. It also led to the conquest of the forces of nature and harnessing
them for the good of mankind.
1.2 MEANING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.2.1 Meaning of a Revolution:
A revolution does two things in the first place, it overthrows the old order,
i.e., the existing state of affairs and in the second place, it establishes or
introduces new order, i e., new state of affairs, in place of the old one. In
other words, the word "revolution" means and implies a fundamental
change- a radical and remarkable change. Accordingly, when we talk of a
political revolution, we mean a complete change of government; similarly,
a diplomatic revolution means an entire re-arrangement of international
alliances; likewise an agrarian revolution is fundamental change in the
technique and organization of agriculture; and a social revolution stands
for a radical change in the relative importance of certain social classes and
values of life.
1.2.2 Meaning of the Industrial Revolution:
The Industrial Revolution is one of the most significant landmarks in the
history of mankind, the consequences of which revolutionised the social,
economic, cultural and political life of the pepole. No other revolution has
so profoundly influenced the destiny of mankind or opened up wider
vistas of human progress as the Industrial Revolution. The term Industrial
Revolution was first used and popularised by the English economic
historian, Arnold Toynbee in 1884, to describe the economic development
of England from 1760 to 1840. However, the Industrial Revolution is
regarded more as a "process than as a period of time."
The Industrial Revolution means fundamental, radical and remarkable
changes in industrial method as well as in industrial organization. In the
words of Charles Beard, "By the industrial revolution, we mean that great
transformation, which has been brought about real change during the past
one hundred and fifty years, by discoveries and inventions, which altered
fundamentally all the methods of production and distribution, of life, and
consequently revolutionized all the economic functions of society." In
other words, the Industrial Revolution was a series of changes in the
means of production and distribution.
2
, Check your progress Industrial Revolution
Q. 1. What do you understand by the 'Industrial Revolution'?
1.3 NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.3.1 A Change from "Domestic System" to "Factory System:
The Domestic Sytem, in the words of Prof. P.A.M. Taylor, "was a form of
industrial organization, in which people worked in their own homes with
hand-operated machinery, often owned by themselves. The raw material
was distributed to them and their product was collected from them for
marketing by a capitalist, who therefore, became in large measure their
employer, though he exerted no detailed supervision." Such an employer
paid wages to the worker making an article. The Factory System, on the
other hand, according to Dr. J.F. Swain, "is characterised by the
assembling of a great number of workmen in one unit, by the careful
supervision and division of labour, by the introduction of machines driven
by motive power, by the concentration of capital, and by the establishment
of a cash nexus (wage tie) between capital and labour."
1.3.2 A Change from Small Output to Mass Production:
When a man worked under the domestic system, he could produce very
little at a time, because he worked at home with hand-operated machinery.
But once he began to work under the factory system, he could
manufacture articles and goods in large quantities, because he worked in
factory in co-operation with others on machines, driven by machine power
such as steam or electricity.
1.3.3 New Basic Materials:
The manufacturers began using new basic materials, mainly iron and steel.
1.3.4 New Energy Sources:
They used, not only new basic materials but also new energy sources,
including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine,
electricity, petroleum etc.
1.3.5 Inventions:
The Industrial Revolution is characterised by numerous inventions, the
early inventions being the spinning jenny, the powerloom, cotton gin,
Davy's safety lamp, steam engine, bealze-bub, seed drill, etc.
3
Unit No. Title Page No
1. Industrial Revolution 1
2. The American Revolution 19
3. French Revolution 35
4. Russian Revolution 51
5. Theories of Imperialism 75
6. Nature of Colonial Rule in Asia 88
7. Nature of Colonial Rule in Africa 95
8. Unification of Germany and Italy 106
9. Zionism 118
10. Arab Nationalism 125
11. Nazism, Fascism 130
12. Human Tragedy and Existentialism 139
13. Process of Decolonization and Cold War 147
*****
, 1
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Unit Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Meaning of the Industrial Revolution
1.3 Nature of Industrial Revolution
1.4 Causes of Industrial Revolution
1.5 Development of Industrial Revolution
1.6 Impact of the Industrial Revolution
1.7 Growth of Socialism and Communism
1.8 Summary
1.9 Questions
1.10 Additional Readings
1.0 OBJECTIVES
• To understand the meaning of the Industrial Revolution.
• To examine the nature of the Industrial Revolution.
• To know the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
• To study the course of the Industrial Revolution.
• To review the development of the Industrial Revolution
• To assess the impact of the Industrial Revolution.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
From the beginning of history until the Industrial Revolution the work in
the world was done with hand tools. During this time power was supplied
by human or animal muscles with the help of pulleys or levers. It was also
supplemented by force of running water or moving air. The process of
shifting from hand tools to power machinery for substitution of manual
work by machines can be termed as Industrial Revolution. The earlier
revolutions were turbulent and affected political, religious and social life.
Many of them were destructive and were accompanied by executions,
imprisonments and wars. The Industrial Revolution was slow and quiet
1
,Milestones In World but when it gained momentum, it became the most noisy, affecting every
History aspect of the life of man.
(1750 CE-1960 CE)
Looking back over the past, to the times when men lived the life of
hunting and food gathering, one marvels at the progress men have made
since then. Inventions of fire, cultivation, wheel and metals were on
themselves magnificent achievements for the ancient men. Industrial
Revolution has proved to be even a greater achievement. It transformed
the agrarian society into an industrial one and totally changed the life of
man. It also led to the conquest of the forces of nature and harnessing
them for the good of mankind.
1.2 MEANING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.2.1 Meaning of a Revolution:
A revolution does two things in the first place, it overthrows the old order,
i.e., the existing state of affairs and in the second place, it establishes or
introduces new order, i e., new state of affairs, in place of the old one. In
other words, the word "revolution" means and implies a fundamental
change- a radical and remarkable change. Accordingly, when we talk of a
political revolution, we mean a complete change of government; similarly,
a diplomatic revolution means an entire re-arrangement of international
alliances; likewise an agrarian revolution is fundamental change in the
technique and organization of agriculture; and a social revolution stands
for a radical change in the relative importance of certain social classes and
values of life.
1.2.2 Meaning of the Industrial Revolution:
The Industrial Revolution is one of the most significant landmarks in the
history of mankind, the consequences of which revolutionised the social,
economic, cultural and political life of the pepole. No other revolution has
so profoundly influenced the destiny of mankind or opened up wider
vistas of human progress as the Industrial Revolution. The term Industrial
Revolution was first used and popularised by the English economic
historian, Arnold Toynbee in 1884, to describe the economic development
of England from 1760 to 1840. However, the Industrial Revolution is
regarded more as a "process than as a period of time."
The Industrial Revolution means fundamental, radical and remarkable
changes in industrial method as well as in industrial organization. In the
words of Charles Beard, "By the industrial revolution, we mean that great
transformation, which has been brought about real change during the past
one hundred and fifty years, by discoveries and inventions, which altered
fundamentally all the methods of production and distribution, of life, and
consequently revolutionized all the economic functions of society." In
other words, the Industrial Revolution was a series of changes in the
means of production and distribution.
2
, Check your progress Industrial Revolution
Q. 1. What do you understand by the 'Industrial Revolution'?
1.3 NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.3.1 A Change from "Domestic System" to "Factory System:
The Domestic Sytem, in the words of Prof. P.A.M. Taylor, "was a form of
industrial organization, in which people worked in their own homes with
hand-operated machinery, often owned by themselves. The raw material
was distributed to them and their product was collected from them for
marketing by a capitalist, who therefore, became in large measure their
employer, though he exerted no detailed supervision." Such an employer
paid wages to the worker making an article. The Factory System, on the
other hand, according to Dr. J.F. Swain, "is characterised by the
assembling of a great number of workmen in one unit, by the careful
supervision and division of labour, by the introduction of machines driven
by motive power, by the concentration of capital, and by the establishment
of a cash nexus (wage tie) between capital and labour."
1.3.2 A Change from Small Output to Mass Production:
When a man worked under the domestic system, he could produce very
little at a time, because he worked at home with hand-operated machinery.
But once he began to work under the factory system, he could
manufacture articles and goods in large quantities, because he worked in
factory in co-operation with others on machines, driven by machine power
such as steam or electricity.
1.3.3 New Basic Materials:
The manufacturers began using new basic materials, mainly iron and steel.
1.3.4 New Energy Sources:
They used, not only new basic materials but also new energy sources,
including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine,
electricity, petroleum etc.
1.3.5 Inventions:
The Industrial Revolution is characterised by numerous inventions, the
early inventions being the spinning jenny, the powerloom, cotton gin,
Davy's safety lamp, steam engine, bealze-bub, seed drill, etc.
3
