NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
,Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication
for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
, 90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis
or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
,Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication
for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
, 90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis
or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
