D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
1. What quadrant includes the left lobe of the liver, stomach, pancreas, and portions
of the small and large intestines? ANS Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
2. Which part of the plasma membrane binds a specific molecule outside the cell?
ANS Receptor A receptor is a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a
specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the
cell.
3.What does it mean if an anatomical structure is caudal? ANS If an anatomical
structure is
described as caudal, it me ANS it is located towards the tail or lower part of the body. In
hum ANS , this typically refers to a position closer to the feet or the lower end of the
spine.
For example, the legs are caudal to the arms, meaning they are situated lower on the
body compared to the arms.
4.What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system? ANS In a negative
feedback
system, the effector plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying out the
response to a stimulus. Here's how it works ANS
Detection ANS A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable (e.g.,
temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing ANS The control center (often the brain or endocrine glands)
processes this information and determines the appropriate response.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
Action ANS The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial change and bring
the variable back to its set point. For example, if your body temperature drops, the
effector (such as muscles shivering) generates heat to raise your body temperature back
to normal.
5.What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from deep to superficial?
ANS 1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and soles)
5. Stratum corneum
6. Which skin layer contains Langerh ANS cells? ANS Langerh ANS cells are
primarily found in the
stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a key role in the skin's immune
defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which help detect and fight pathogens.
7. Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles? ANS Fourth-
degree
burns are the most severe and affect not only all layers of the skin but also the underlying
bones, muscles, and tendons.
These burns often appear charred or white and are typically painless because the nerve
endings are destroyed.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
8. Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line? ANS The epiphyseal line is
located at the
junction between the diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the bone) and the epiphysis
(the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate) and indicates that the bone has completed its growth in length.
9. Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes? ANS The suture
present between the left and right parietal lobes is the sagittal suture. This suture runs
along the midline of the skull, connecting the two parietal bones.
10. Which two bones form the pectoral girdle? ANS The pectoral girdle, also known
as the shoulder
girdle, is formed by two bones ANS the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder
blade). These bones work together to connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton and
provide a wide range of motion for the shoulder and arm.
11. What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called? ANS The periodic
invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-tubules (tr ANS verse tubules). These
structures play a crucial role in conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the
muscle fiber to its interior, ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and
uniformly.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
12. Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector spinae? ANS The
spinalis muscles are the most medially placed group within the erector spinae muscle
group. These muscles are located closest to the spine and are responsible for extending
and laterally flexing the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
13. Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus? ANS The muscle
situated below the adductor longus is the adductor magnus. This muscle is a large,
triangular muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a
significant role in adducting and medially rotating the thigh
14. What is the role of oligodendrocytes? ANS Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role
in the central nervous system (CNS) by producing the myelin sheath that insulates
axons. This myelination is essential for the efficient tr ANS mission of electrical
impulses along nerve fibers, which helps in the rapid and coordinated communication
between neurons. Additionally, oligodendrocytes provide metabolic support to
neurons and contribute to maintaining a stable microenvironment within the CNS.
15. Which membrane channel is able to open due to a physical distortion? ANS The
1. What quadrant includes the left lobe of the liver, stomach, pancreas, and portions
of the small and large intestines? ANS Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
2. Which part of the plasma membrane binds a specific molecule outside the cell?
ANS Receptor A receptor is a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a
specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the
cell.
3.What does it mean if an anatomical structure is caudal? ANS If an anatomical
structure is
described as caudal, it me ANS it is located towards the tail or lower part of the body. In
hum ANS , this typically refers to a position closer to the feet or the lower end of the
spine.
For example, the legs are caudal to the arms, meaning they are situated lower on the
body compared to the arms.
4.What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system? ANS In a negative
feedback
system, the effector plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying out the
response to a stimulus. Here's how it works ANS
Detection ANS A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable (e.g.,
temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing ANS The control center (often the brain or endocrine glands)
processes this information and determines the appropriate response.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
Action ANS The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial change and bring
the variable back to its set point. For example, if your body temperature drops, the
effector (such as muscles shivering) generates heat to raise your body temperature back
to normal.
5.What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from deep to superficial?
ANS 1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and soles)
5. Stratum corneum
6. Which skin layer contains Langerh ANS cells? ANS Langerh ANS cells are
primarily found in the
stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a key role in the skin's immune
defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which help detect and fight pathogens.
7. Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles? ANS Fourth-
degree
burns are the most severe and affect not only all layers of the skin but also the underlying
bones, muscles, and tendons.
These burns often appear charred or white and are typically painless because the nerve
endings are destroyed.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
8. Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line? ANS The epiphyseal line is
located at the
junction between the diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the bone) and the epiphysis
(the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate) and indicates that the bone has completed its growth in length.
9. Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes? ANS The suture
present between the left and right parietal lobes is the sagittal suture. This suture runs
along the midline of the skull, connecting the two parietal bones.
10. Which two bones form the pectoral girdle? ANS The pectoral girdle, also known
as the shoulder
girdle, is formed by two bones ANS the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder
blade). These bones work together to connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton and
provide a wide range of motion for the shoulder and arm.
11. What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called? ANS The periodic
invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-tubules (tr ANS verse tubules). These
structures play a crucial role in conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the
muscle fiber to its interior, ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and
uniformly.
, D312 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
12. Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector spinae? ANS The
spinalis muscles are the most medially placed group within the erector spinae muscle
group. These muscles are located closest to the spine and are responsible for extending
and laterally flexing the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
13. Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus? ANS The muscle
situated below the adductor longus is the adductor magnus. This muscle is a large,
triangular muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a
significant role in adducting and medially rotating the thigh
14. What is the role of oligodendrocytes? ANS Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role
in the central nervous system (CNS) by producing the myelin sheath that insulates
axons. This myelination is essential for the efficient tr ANS mission of electrical
impulses along nerve fibers, which helps in the rapid and coordinated communication
between neurons. Additionally, oligodendrocytes provide metabolic support to
neurons and contribute to maintaining a stable microenvironment within the CNS.
15. Which membrane channel is able to open due to a physical distortion? ANS The
