Psych 290 Final Best Exam Review 2025

Psych 290 Final Best Exam Review 2025 What is psychologist Wilhelm Wundt most known for - Correct Answer-The establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology. What is G. Stanley Hall known for - Correct Answer-He established the American Psychological Association and was its first president Which of the following approaches to psychology can be compared to examining a movie frame rather than viewing it as a moving image? - Correct Answer-Structuralism A tennis coach insists that he can make any reasonably healthy person into a super competitive tennis player. The coach's perspective echoes the statements of which of the following psychologists? - Correct Answer-John B. Watson A young man forgets to pick up his mother at the airport. What psychological approach would suggest his forgetfulness is an unconscious way of saying he does not want to welcome her visit? - Correct Answer-Psychoanalytic Which of the following statements is one that Skinner's followers would agree with? a: Most behaviour is controlled by unconscious desires and conflicts b: The goal of behaviour is self-actualization c: Nature is more influential than nurture d: Free will is an illusion - Correct Answer-Free will is an illusion What psychological view holds the most optimistic view of human nature? - Correct Answer-Humanism Which of the following historical events created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply? a: WW1 b: the Great Depression c: WW2 d: The Korean War - Correct Answer-c: WW2 Which of the following psychologists would most likely undertake the study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms? a: a clinical psychologist b: a physiological psychologist c: a social psychologist d: an educational psychologist - Correct Answer-b: a physiological psychologist PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 Which of the following pairs holds similar views? a: psychoanalysis and humanism b: behaviourism and cognitive psychology c: structuralism and positive psychology d: functionalism and evolutionary psychology - Correct Answer-d: functionalism and evolutionary psych Which of the following statements best fits the theoretical perspective of positive psychology? a: Humans have a great capacity for achievement and happiness. Research in psychology can helps understand and reach those positive states b: The only way to understand a healthy, functioning human is to study humans who have serious disorders. Knowing what can go wrong allows us to define what is right. c: Research results are valuable only valuable if they demonstrate statistically significant findings. Positive results are the only ones worth publishing. d: Psych should be a progressive discipline, moving forward and "getting in with the times". New trends and technologies will be necessary to fully understand human thinking and neuroanatomy - Correct Answer-a:Humans have a great capacity for achievement and happiness. Research in psychology can helps understand and reach those positive states If you wanted to become a psychiatrist, what degree would be required - Correct Answer-M.D. When students change answers on multiple choice tests, what type of change is most common? - Correct Answer-changing wrong answers to right ones. What describes the development of critical thinking skills? - Correct Answer-They need to be deliberately taught because often they do not develop without explicit practice and demonstration What area of psychology did the well known Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb conduct research in? - Correct Answer-Neuropsychology. What is the term for a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables? - Correct Answer-Hypothesis What did Wilhelm Wundt argue psychology should be? - Correct Answer-The scientific study of the conscious What do structuralists believe about psychology? - Correct Answer-Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 What do functionalists believe about psychology? - Correct Answer-Psychology should focus on the purpose and adaptive functions of the conscious What do behaviourists believe about psychology? - Correct Answer-The emphasis of environment over heredity, stimulus-response relationships, and overall importance of observable behaviour. What school of Psychology found behaviourism and psychoanalysis unsatisfactory and instead emphasized humans freedom and potential for growth? - Correct Answer Humanism What event stimulated the rapid growth of clinical psychology, turning it into a profession and a science? - Correct Answer-WW2 What movement in the 1950s and 1960s returned psychology to its original roots? - Correct Answer-The advancement of study in cognitive processes and the physiological bases of behaviour What happened in the 1980s that influenced psychology - Correct Answer-A greater interest in how cultural factors influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Sparked by increased diversity in western society. What school of psychology emerged in the 1990s? - Correct Answer-Evolutionary Psychology. Emphasized patterns of behaviour are the product of evolutionary forces. What school emerged in the 21st century? - Correct Answer-Positive psychology What are the four professional specialties of applied psychology? - Correct Answer Clinical psychology, counselling psychology, educational and school psychology, and industrial and organizational psychology. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner - Correct Answer-Behavioural Freud, Jung, Adler - Correct Answer-Psychoanalytic Rogers, Maslow - Correct Answer-Humanist Piaget, Chomsky, Simon - Correct Answer-Cognitive Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel - Correct Answer-Biological Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby - Correct Answer-Evolutionary What is applied psychology? - Correct Answer-The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 clinical psychology - Correct Answer-The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. What did Donald Hebb do? - Correct Answer-Highlighted the importance of physiological and neuropsychological perspectives that paved the way for the cognitive revolution in psych Psychology - Correct Answer-The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. What are the major research areas in contemporary psychology? - Correct Answer Developmental Social Experimental Physiological Cognitive Personality Psychometrics What are psychometrics in psychology? - Correct Answer-The measurement of behaviour and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests. What do educational and school psychologists do? - Correct Answer-Work to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process. What do industrial/organizational psychologists do? - Correct Answer-Run human resource departments, work to improve staff moral and attitudes, strive to increase job satisfaction. What does empiricism mean - Correct Answer-The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation What is the SQ3R method? - Correct Answer-Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review What are the goals of the scientific enterprise? - Correct Answer-1. measurement and description 2. understanding and prediction 3. application and control What are the key steps required by a scientific investigation? - Correct Answer-1: formulate a testable hypothesis 2: select the research method and design the study 3: collect the data 4: analyze the data and draw conclusions PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 5: report the findings What are the advantages of the scientific approach? - Correct Answer-Its clarity in communication and its relative intolerance of error. What are confounding variables? - Correct Answer-Variables that are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects. What are extraneous variables? - Correct Answer-any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a study How can experiments vary in format - Correct Answer-Sometimes an experimental group serves as its own control group. Many experiments have more than one independent variable or more than one dependant variable. What are the strengths and weaknesses of experimental research? - Correct Answer strengths: permits conclusions about the cause-effect relationships between variables weaknesses: often not usable for a specific problem, and many experiments tend to be artificial How is naturalistic observation used to examine psychological phenomena? - Correct Answer-With careful, prolonged observation of behaviour in its natural setting without any intervention How can case studies be used to look for general principles of behaviour? - Correct Answer-investigate individuals in depth. Why do researchers use surveys? - Correct Answer-To gather information on specific aspects of behaviour What are the strengths and weaknesses of descriptive/correlational research? - Correct Answer-Strengths: allow psychologists to explore issues that might not be open to experimental investigation. Weaknesses: Cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships What is the mean? - Correct Answer-the arithmetic average of scores in a distribution What is the mode? - Correct Answer-the most frequent score in a distribution What is the median? - Correct Answer-the score that falls exactly in the centre of a distribution of scores What is a frequency polygon - Correct Answer-a line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 What is a frequency distribution - Correct Answer-an orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores What does a positively skewed distribution look like? - Correct Answer-The peak (mode) of the slope comes first, followed by the median and then the mean What does a negatively skewed distribution look like? - Correct Answer-the mean comes first as the slope rises followed by the median and then the mode near the end What is normal distribution? - Correct Answer-a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population What is sampling bias? - Correct Answer-when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn What are the advantages and disadvantages of surveys? - Correct Answer-Advantages: Data collection is easy, researchers can gather data on difficult to observe aspects of behaviour, good for gathering data on attitudes, values, and beliefs from large samples. Disadvantages: often unreliable, due to intentional deception, social desirability, response sets, memory lapses, poor wording of questions. Researchers are also unable to draw casual conclusions. What is a response set? - Correct Answer-a tendency to respond to questions in a way that is unrelated to the content of the questions. How can you guard against experimenter bias? - Correct Answer-Use the double blind procedure. What is a meta-analysis? - Correct Answer-the combination of the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effects. What is the sample vs the population in experiments? - Correct Answer-A sample is the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study. The population is the much larger collection of animals or people from which the sample is drawn. Advantages and disadvantages of case studies - Correct Answer-advantages: well suited for study of certain phenomena and can provide compelling real-life illustrations to support a theory Disadvantages: subjectivity is much more probable, which makes it easy for researchers to selectively just see what they expect/want to see based on their own theoretical slants PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturalistic observation? - Correct Answer Advantages: Artificiality found in lab studies is minimized, good place to start when little is known about the subject, can be used to study animals as well as human behaviour. Disadvantages: difficult to remain unobtrusive, researchers unable to draw casual conclusions, data is hard to quantify for statistical analyses. Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments - Correct Answer-Advantages: control over variables can eliminate alternative explanations for findings. Researchers can draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Disadvantages: Confounding of variables must be avoided, lab settings are often artificial, making it risky to generalize findings into the real world, Ethical concerns and practical realities preclude experiments on many important questions. What are the advantages of journal articles? - Correct Answer-Publish technical and scholarly material. Usually written for other professionals in a narrow area of inquiry. Most journal articles are reports of original research. What is the tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables? - Correct Answer-Hypothesis Which of the following steps in the research process relates to the amount of control that researchers will exert over a study? a: provide operational definitions of their variables b:decide whether their study will be experimental or correlational c: they use statistics to summarize their findings d: They decide how many subjects should participate in their study - Correct Answer-B What is the confounding of variables? - Correct Answer-occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects What is anecdotal evidence? - Correct Answer-evidence that comes in testimonial format or from information that goes against current scientific data Main advantage of correlational research - Correct Answer-Allows researchers to study variables that would be impossible to manipulate Achievement tests - Correct Answer-Tests that gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects. Aptitude tests - Correct Answer-Psychological tests used to assess talent for specific types of mental ability. PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 Construct vs Content validity - Correct Answer-Construct: Extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct Content: Degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain its supposed to cover Convergent vs divergent thinking - Correct Answer-Convergent: Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer Divergent: Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions Creativity - Correct Answer-The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful Criterion-related validity - Correct Answer-Test validity that is estimated by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test. crystallized vs fluid intelligence - Correct Answer-Crystallized: Applying acquired skills and knowledge in problem solving Fluid: Reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of info processing Emotional Intelligence - Correct Answer-Ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - Correct Answer-a child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Reaction range - Correct Answer-Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits. Reification - Correct Answer-viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing Achievement Motive - Correct Answer-the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence Affective forecasting - Correct Answer-Predicting ones emotional reaction to future events Argument vs Assumption - Correct Answer-Argument: One or more premises used to provide support for a conclusion Assumption: Premises for which no proof or evidence is provided PSYCH 290 PSYCH 290 BMI - Correct Answer-weight (kg)/height (m) squared Drive, Incentive and Motivation - Correct Answer-An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension Incentive: An external goal that has the ability to motivate behaviour Motivation: Goal directed behaviour Emotion a