What event initially begun long-term instability within the English monarchy?
Deposition of Richard II by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399
When did Henry V succeed the throne of England?
21 March 1413
When did Henry V’s campaign in France begin?
-Begun preparations in Jan 1415
-Set sail in June 1415
What weaknesses within the French court was Henry V able to take advantage of?
-King Charles VI was suffering from mental illness and could not govern
-Thus, two uncontrolled noble factions were left vying for power
-These were the Armagnac group and the Burgundian group
Who were the Armagnac group?
-French court faction led by Bernard VII, count of Armagnac
-Crucially, included the Dauphin, son and heir of Charles VI
Who were the Burgundian group?
-French court faction led by John the fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and later by his son, Philip the
good
Why was the Burgundian group willing to side with the English?
-The Dauphin had assassinated their leader John the fearless in 1419
-His son, Phillip the Good was therefore happy for him to be disinherited in favour of an English
monarch
What treaty did Henry V make with the Burgundian group and when?
-Treaty of Troyes in May 1420
What were the four terms of the treaty of Troyes?
-Henry V and his heirs would inherit the French throne after the death of Charles VI
-The Dauphin would be formally disinherited
-Charles Vi’s daughter, Catherine of Valois would marry Henry V
-Land around Boulogne and Calais was given to Henry V
Why did war with France continue following the Treaty of Troyes?
,-The Dauphin raised an army in central and south-eastern France, and attacked the fortified town
of Bauge, resuming the war
What were Henry V’s three chief successes within France?
-Conquest of large areas of Northern France
-Overwhelming victory at Agincourt
-Heirs to inherit the French throne
When did Henry V die?
31 Aug 1422
What were the two major problems with Henry V’s death
-His heir, Henry VI, was only 9 months old
-War with France was still ongoing
What were the five immediate causes of the Wars of the Roses
-Baronial factions
-Henry VI’s personal weakness
-Collapse of English power in France
-Economic crisis
-Cade’s rebellion
Between who did the main rivalry of Henry VI’s minority take place?
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Henry Beauford, Bishop of Winchester
Why was Gloucester resentful of the way the country was being run?
-Henry V had named Gloucester as HVI’s principle guardian and Lord Protector
-Gloucester resented that this had been ignored by the rest of the nobility in favour of a regency
council
What were the three reasons for the rivalry between Gloucester and Henry Beauford?
-Beauford was the greatest advocate for the conciliar rule that Gloucester resented
-Gloucester was jealous of Beauford’s immense wealth compared to his limited lands and finances
-They disagreed on policy in France, with Gloucester advocating for stronger military action and
Beauford for diplomacy
How much wealth did Beauford have and how did he utilize it to increase his influence over
the Crown?
, -The bishopric of Winchester was the richest in the country and brought him approx £4000 PA
-He made a series of large loans to the Crown
-This enabled him to build a strong base of support within the council and establish his nephews at
the forefront of the nobility
How much did Beauford loan to the Crown and how much of the total loans to the crown did
he make up?
-Between 1404 and 1446, he lent £212,300
-This represented around 1/3 of total loans to the Crown in this period
Who was responsible for military campaigns in France during Henry Vi’s minority?
John, Duke of Bedford acted as Luteniant of France
How successful was Bedford in defending France?
-French were initially held at bay
-However from 1429 French military strength increased
-Burgundy withdrew support for England in 1435
When was Bedford killed and what was the outcome?
-In 1435 Bedford was killed
When and where was the Dauphin crowned Charles VII?
-July 1429
-Reims
When and where was Henry VI crowned in France?
-16 Dec 1431
-Paris
When did Henry VI take control of government and how old was he?
-Nov 1437
-16
In what way was Henry VI disappointing to the general populace and some of the nobility?
-No interest in becoming a ‘warrior king’ like Henry V
-First king since 1066 not to lead an English army against a foreign enemy
Why did Henry VI favour Cardinal Beauford over Glouchester?- Mutual Desire for peace with
France
Deposition of Richard II by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399
When did Henry V succeed the throne of England?
21 March 1413
When did Henry V’s campaign in France begin?
-Begun preparations in Jan 1415
-Set sail in June 1415
What weaknesses within the French court was Henry V able to take advantage of?
-King Charles VI was suffering from mental illness and could not govern
-Thus, two uncontrolled noble factions were left vying for power
-These were the Armagnac group and the Burgundian group
Who were the Armagnac group?
-French court faction led by Bernard VII, count of Armagnac
-Crucially, included the Dauphin, son and heir of Charles VI
Who were the Burgundian group?
-French court faction led by John the fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and later by his son, Philip the
good
Why was the Burgundian group willing to side with the English?
-The Dauphin had assassinated their leader John the fearless in 1419
-His son, Phillip the Good was therefore happy for him to be disinherited in favour of an English
monarch
What treaty did Henry V make with the Burgundian group and when?
-Treaty of Troyes in May 1420
What were the four terms of the treaty of Troyes?
-Henry V and his heirs would inherit the French throne after the death of Charles VI
-The Dauphin would be formally disinherited
-Charles Vi’s daughter, Catherine of Valois would marry Henry V
-Land around Boulogne and Calais was given to Henry V
Why did war with France continue following the Treaty of Troyes?
,-The Dauphin raised an army in central and south-eastern France, and attacked the fortified town
of Bauge, resuming the war
What were Henry V’s three chief successes within France?
-Conquest of large areas of Northern France
-Overwhelming victory at Agincourt
-Heirs to inherit the French throne
When did Henry V die?
31 Aug 1422
What were the two major problems with Henry V’s death
-His heir, Henry VI, was only 9 months old
-War with France was still ongoing
What were the five immediate causes of the Wars of the Roses
-Baronial factions
-Henry VI’s personal weakness
-Collapse of English power in France
-Economic crisis
-Cade’s rebellion
Between who did the main rivalry of Henry VI’s minority take place?
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Henry Beauford, Bishop of Winchester
Why was Gloucester resentful of the way the country was being run?
-Henry V had named Gloucester as HVI’s principle guardian and Lord Protector
-Gloucester resented that this had been ignored by the rest of the nobility in favour of a regency
council
What were the three reasons for the rivalry between Gloucester and Henry Beauford?
-Beauford was the greatest advocate for the conciliar rule that Gloucester resented
-Gloucester was jealous of Beauford’s immense wealth compared to his limited lands and finances
-They disagreed on policy in France, with Gloucester advocating for stronger military action and
Beauford for diplomacy
How much wealth did Beauford have and how did he utilize it to increase his influence over
the Crown?
, -The bishopric of Winchester was the richest in the country and brought him approx £4000 PA
-He made a series of large loans to the Crown
-This enabled him to build a strong base of support within the council and establish his nephews at
the forefront of the nobility
How much did Beauford loan to the Crown and how much of the total loans to the crown did
he make up?
-Between 1404 and 1446, he lent £212,300
-This represented around 1/3 of total loans to the Crown in this period
Who was responsible for military campaigns in France during Henry Vi’s minority?
John, Duke of Bedford acted as Luteniant of France
How successful was Bedford in defending France?
-French were initially held at bay
-However from 1429 French military strength increased
-Burgundy withdrew support for England in 1435
When was Bedford killed and what was the outcome?
-In 1435 Bedford was killed
When and where was the Dauphin crowned Charles VII?
-July 1429
-Reims
When and where was Henry VI crowned in France?
-16 Dec 1431
-Paris
When did Henry VI take control of government and how old was he?
-Nov 1437
-16
In what way was Henry VI disappointing to the general populace and some of the nobility?
-No interest in becoming a ‘warrior king’ like Henry V
-First king since 1066 not to lead an English army against a foreign enemy
Why did Henry VI favour Cardinal Beauford over Glouchester?- Mutual Desire for peace with
France
