, TESTBANK FOR Criminology in Canada Theories,
Patterns, and Typologies, 8th Edition Larry J. Siegel
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
1. Which convicted double murderer was sentenced to life in prison, while his wife received only 12 years
after she testified against her husband?
a. Alan Legere b. Yves “Apache” Trudeau
c. Paul Bernardo d. Clifford Olson
ANSWER: c
2. What do results from victimization surveys usually show, regardless of official crime rates?
a. Victimization rates have increased.
b. The public’s perception is that crime has increased.
c. The police report an actual decrease in crime.
d. The reporting of crime to the police is lower.
ANSWER: b
3. What was the result of the poll conducted in the aftermath of the Jane Creba shooting in Toronto?
a. People thought the shooting showed Toronto was experiencing more random violence.
b. People thought the shooting justified spending more money on social programs.
c. People thought there should be stricter penalties for crime.
d. People thought judges should be able to exercise more discretion.
ANSWER: c
4. What academic discipline is devoted to the development of valid and reliable information about the
causes of crime, crime patterns, and crime trends?
a. criminology b. criminal Justice
c. sociology d. deviance
ANSWER: a
5. Third-hand knowledge of crime tends to make people support which of the following policies?
a. increasing spending on anti-poverty programs
b. increasing the use of community-based sentencing
c. increasing punishments for offenders
d. decreasing access to clean needles for drug users
ANSWER: c
6. In their definition of criminology, what do Sutherland and Cressey mean by “verified principles”?
a. the search for the true cause of crime
b. the use of the scientific method in criminology
c. the development of criminal law
d. the principles by which the criminal justice system is founded
ANSWER: b
7. What is the primary interest of academic criminological practitioners?
a. fostering interdisciplinary theory
b. understanding the true nature of law, crime, and justice
c. publishing textbooks and academic journals
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
d. joining professional organizations
ANSWER: b
8. What is the most important difference between the fields of criminology and criminal justice?
a. Criminology covers the development of the rule of law.
b. Criminology involves issues of crime prevention.
c. Criminology involves the study of the origin of criminal behaviour.
d. Criminology studies the effectiveness of punishment.
ANSWER: c
9. Which statement BEST describes the relationship between criminologists and criminal justice
scholars?
a. It can be characterized by jealousy and hostility.
b. It can be characterized as a partnership.
c. It is remote because the fields are actually quite different.
d. Criminologists study policy and criminal justice experts enforce it.
ANSWER: b
10. Which of these statements is characteristic of deviant behaviours?
a. They depart from social norms, not necessarily laws.
b. They violate legal rules, as well as social norms.
c. They are in conflict with the laws of society.
d. They are banned by those who hold social power.
ANSWER: a
11. Which statement BEST describes the recreational use of cannabis?
a. It is not necessarily a deviant act because many Canadian youth have used cannabis.
b. It is a deviant act, but is not a crime because recreational use of cannabis is generally legal.
c. It is an immoral act but not a deviant act because it goes against religious scripture.
d. It is a sign of mental illness, but is not a crime.
ANSWER: a
12. According to the text, what did the 2006 national Canadian Addiction Survey show?
a. Most Canadians have never tried cannabis.
b. Seventy percent of Canadians reported using cannabis.
c. The majority of Canadians believe harsher drug laws need to be implemented.
d. Deviant acts such as cannabis use are causes of more serious crimes.
ANSWER: b
13. According to Hagan’s model, which of these statements BEST describes the most serious acts of
deviance?
a. They are the most likely to occur.
b. They are as likely to occur as less severe acts.
c. They are relatively harmless.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
d. They are the least likely to occur.
ANSWER: d
14. Why do many criminologists NOT have a degree in criminology, but instead have degrees in
sociology, law, or political science?
a. There are no criminology graduate degrees in Canada.
b. Criminology is a multidisciplinary science.
c. Criminology programs are very hard to get in to.
d. Most graduate programs in criminology will only accept other majors.
ANSWER: b
15. Which topic would a criminologist be more likely to study than a criminal justice scholar?
a. the policies for processing arrests made by RCMP officers
b. the geographical dispersal of law-enforcement resources in a province
c. the design of new prisons
d. the crime patterns of drug addicts in an urban area versus those in a rural area
ANSWER: d
16. Which of these is one dimension of John Hagan’s model of varieties of deviance?
a. the evaluation of the cost of crime
b. the level of political agreement about crime
c. the seriousness of the act
d. the severity of societal response
ANSWER: d
17. Which term refers to a reduction in the criminal penalty associated with an offence?
a. legalization b. deviance enhancement
c. decriminalization d. utilitarianism
ANSWER: c
18. What does John Hagan’s model examine?
a. varieties in crime rates b. varieties in society’s response to crime
c. varieties in deviance d. varieties in homicide rates
ANSWER: c
19. Which statement BEST describes deviant behaviour?
a. It has largely remained the same since Canada was founded.
b. It has shifted over time, but our laws remain steadfast.
c. It has shifted over time, based on shifting concepts, impacting our criminal laws.
d. It has never been stable, and thus is completely unsuitable for use in defining crime.
ANSWER: c
20. R. v. Sharpe was a famous Canadian court case. What did it deal with?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. protecting children from sexual exploitation
b. prostitution legislation
c. corporate crime in the workplace
d. enforcing drug laws in Canada
ANSWER: a
21. Which statement BEST summarizes the Middle Ages belief about people who violated social norms
or religious practices?
a. They were atavistic anomalies.
b. They were practicing witchcraft or suffering from demonic possession.
c. They were making a rational decision to engage in antisocial behaviours.
d. They were proletariats.
ANSWER: b
22. What does the philosophy of utilitarianism emphasize?
a. a fair, rational, and balanced approach to punishment
b. the use of cruel and excessive punishments
c. reliance on executions for both violent and property offences
d. the scientific approach to studying immoral crimes
ANSWER: a
23. Which term refers to the philosophical view that behaviour has a rational and useful purpose?
a. utilitarianism b. rationalism
c. existentialism d. humanism
ANSWER: a
24. Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements of the classical school’s conceptualization of
punishment?
a. certainty of punishment
b. speed of punishment
c. appropriateness of punishment
d. severity of punishment
ANSWER: c
25. Which of these policies is premised on the principles of utilitarianism?
a. administering the death penalty in an unreasonable and unbalanced manner
b. hiring fewer police officers so that only serious crimes are investigated
c. ensuring that every defendant has the ability to appeal their case
d. ensuring that all punishments are proportional and the least possible given the surrounding
circumstances
ANSWER: d
26. If, as predicted by Beccaria, individuals commit offences in order to achieve a pleasurable outcome,
which of the following must be utilized to prevent offending?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. gratification
b. pain
c. relaxation
d. neutrality
ANSWER: b
27. Which criminological theorist argued that humans seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Franz Joseph Gall
c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx
ANSWER: a
28. What criminological perspective did Beccaria advocate for?
a. humanism b. engenderment
c. utilitarianism d. socialism
ANSWER: c
29. Which policy would Beccaria likely find most appropriate given his views on criminal offending?
a. increasing the number of police officers on the street
b. shortening the time span between arrest, conviction, and implementation of sentence
c. decreasing the number of appeals available to convicted murderers
d. reinstating the death penalty and not attempting to rehabilitate murderers
ANSWER: b
30. Which of the following criminological perspectives dominated judicial philosophy throughout the
majority of the 18th through early 20th centuries?
a. conflict criminology b. positivist criminology
c. sociological criminology d. classical criminology
ANSWER: d
31. Which of the following is a basic element of classical criminology?
a. Criminal behaviour is a product of external forces exerted on the individual.
b. The tendency to act criminally is inherited.
c. Crime is a product of social forces.
d. People have free will to choose to act either criminally or lawfully.
ANSWER: d
32. Which perspective argues that criminal solutions are typically more attractive than conventional ones
because they often require less work for a greater reward?
a. positive criminology b. classical criminology
c. criminal anthropology d. criminal sociology
ANSWER: b
33. According to utilitarianism, what is crime?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. the result of a failing school system
b. a random occurrence, conducted by individuals with limited self-control
c. the result of a rational choice made by an individual
d. the result of pressure to achieve monetary success in the face of unrelenting poverty
ANSWER: c
34. Which statement BEST describes Cesare Beccaria’s beliefs about the role of punishments against
criminals?
a. Punishments should be carried out in private.
b. Criminals should be made to disappear from public view and public thought.
c. A delay in delivering punishment is not problematic as long as it is forceful.
d. The minimum punishment possible should be used on a convicted criminal.
ANSWER: d
35. Beccaria argued that in order for punishment to be an effective deterrent, it needed to severe, certain,
and swift. According to Beccaria, what else must punishment be?
a. the least possible given the circumstances
b. dictated by the victim of the crime
c. administered by men to protect women’s virtue and dignity
d. forceful
ANSWER: a
36. Which philosopher is most associated with classical criminology?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Franz Joseph Gall
c. Anthony Giddons d. Karl Marx
ANSWER: a
37. According to classical criminology, what motivates a person’s decision to engage in criminal
behaviour?
a. fear of punishment b. eugenic control
c. social support d. increased surveillance
ANSWER: a
38. Which phrase is most closely associated with the classical criminology perspective?
a. “Turn the other cheek.”
b. “Kill’em all and let God sort them out.”
c. “Let the punishment fit the crime.”
d. “You catch more flies with honey than with feces.”
ANSWER: c
39. Rehman believes that the truth about human nature can be derived only through careful scientific
observation of behaviour. Which of these terms best applies to Rehman’s beliefs?
a. positivist b. humanist
c. socialist d. classicist
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
ANSWER: a
40. Who is known for their work in the area of positivism?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Robert Reiner
c. Anthony Giddons d. Auguste Comte
ANSWER: d
41. Which of these statements illustrates one of the key elements of the positivist tradition?
a. Deviant behaviour is the result of an individual seeking to minimize pain and maximize
pleasure.
b. The choice to break the law is a rational one.
c. Offences are committed due to forces that are beyond an individual’s control.
d. The punishment should fit the offence, not the offender.
ANSWER: c
42. Which technique would a physiognomist use to explain criminal behaviour?
a. tracing inherited criminogenic traits
b. interviewing significant others to determine environmental factors that cause criminality
c. studying facial characteristics such as the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes and the distance
between them in relation to the propensity to commit crimes
d. studying the season, climate, gender, age, and the influences that these factors have on the
tendency to commit crimes
ANSWER: c
43. What modern term is related to the French psychiatric term manie sans délire?
a. psychopathy b. anomie
c. neuroticism d. schizophrenia
ANSWER: a
44. Which criminology movement was initially inspired by emerging discoveries in biology, astronomy,
and chemistry?
a. classical b. conflict
c. positivism d. sociology
ANSWER: c
45. Which of the following is one of the main elements of the positivist tradition?
a. Human behaviour is a function of external forces that are beyond individual control.
b. Criminal behaviour is a product of free will and rational choice.
c. Criminal behaviour can be explained by a logical analysis of the Bible.
d. Let the punishment fit the crime.
ANSWER: a
46. Which of these men was a famous phrenologist?
a. Philippe Pinel b. Auguste Comte
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
c. Franz Joseph Gall d. Henry Maudsley
ANSWER: c
47. Lombroso’s statement that born criminals inherit physical problems created an interest in
which academic field?
a. criminal forensics b. sociology
c. criminal anthropology d. psychiatry
ANSWER: c
48. Lombroso said criminals were biological throwbacks to primitive beasts. What term did he coin to
describe this condition?
a. moral degeneracy b. biological primitivism
c. atavism d. criminaloidism
ANSWER: c
49. Which of these theorists conceptualized crime as an outlet in which the unsound tendencies of the
mentally ill are discharged?
a. Franz Joseph Gall b. Charles Darwin
c. Karl Marx d. Henry Maudsley
ANSWER: d
50. Which criminology perspective argues that an abstract concept such as IQ exists because it is
measurable?
a. positivist b. classical
c. sociological d. interactionist
ANSWER: a
51. What form of inheritance did Lombroso argue was primarily responsible for the spread of
criminogenic traits?
a. requisite genetic spread
b. optional genetic spread
c. indirect heredity
d. direct heredity
ANSWER: c
52. Which statement BEST describes a difference between positivist and classical criminology?
a. Positivist criminology believes that behaviour is the result of external forces; classical
criminology believes individuals are solely responsible for their actions.
b. Positivism criminology uses conjecture to identify responses to crime; classical criminology
uses scientific methods.
c. Classical criminology seeks to exert the maximum punishment allowed; positivist criminology
believes in using as little punishment as possible.
d. Classical criminology is considered to be the current standard in criminological theory, having
displaced positivist criminology in the early 20th century.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
Patterns, and Typologies, 8th Edition Larry J. Siegel
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
1. Which convicted double murderer was sentenced to life in prison, while his wife received only 12 years
after she testified against her husband?
a. Alan Legere b. Yves “Apache” Trudeau
c. Paul Bernardo d. Clifford Olson
ANSWER: c
2. What do results from victimization surveys usually show, regardless of official crime rates?
a. Victimization rates have increased.
b. The public’s perception is that crime has increased.
c. The police report an actual decrease in crime.
d. The reporting of crime to the police is lower.
ANSWER: b
3. What was the result of the poll conducted in the aftermath of the Jane Creba shooting in Toronto?
a. People thought the shooting showed Toronto was experiencing more random violence.
b. People thought the shooting justified spending more money on social programs.
c. People thought there should be stricter penalties for crime.
d. People thought judges should be able to exercise more discretion.
ANSWER: c
4. What academic discipline is devoted to the development of valid and reliable information about the
causes of crime, crime patterns, and crime trends?
a. criminology b. criminal Justice
c. sociology d. deviance
ANSWER: a
5. Third-hand knowledge of crime tends to make people support which of the following policies?
a. increasing spending on anti-poverty programs
b. increasing the use of community-based sentencing
c. increasing punishments for offenders
d. decreasing access to clean needles for drug users
ANSWER: c
6. In their definition of criminology, what do Sutherland and Cressey mean by “verified principles”?
a. the search for the true cause of crime
b. the use of the scientific method in criminology
c. the development of criminal law
d. the principles by which the criminal justice system is founded
ANSWER: b
7. What is the primary interest of academic criminological practitioners?
a. fostering interdisciplinary theory
b. understanding the true nature of law, crime, and justice
c. publishing textbooks and academic journals
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
d. joining professional organizations
ANSWER: b
8. What is the most important difference between the fields of criminology and criminal justice?
a. Criminology covers the development of the rule of law.
b. Criminology involves issues of crime prevention.
c. Criminology involves the study of the origin of criminal behaviour.
d. Criminology studies the effectiveness of punishment.
ANSWER: c
9. Which statement BEST describes the relationship between criminologists and criminal justice
scholars?
a. It can be characterized by jealousy and hostility.
b. It can be characterized as a partnership.
c. It is remote because the fields are actually quite different.
d. Criminologists study policy and criminal justice experts enforce it.
ANSWER: b
10. Which of these statements is characteristic of deviant behaviours?
a. They depart from social norms, not necessarily laws.
b. They violate legal rules, as well as social norms.
c. They are in conflict with the laws of society.
d. They are banned by those who hold social power.
ANSWER: a
11. Which statement BEST describes the recreational use of cannabis?
a. It is not necessarily a deviant act because many Canadian youth have used cannabis.
b. It is a deviant act, but is not a crime because recreational use of cannabis is generally legal.
c. It is an immoral act but not a deviant act because it goes against religious scripture.
d. It is a sign of mental illness, but is not a crime.
ANSWER: a
12. According to the text, what did the 2006 national Canadian Addiction Survey show?
a. Most Canadians have never tried cannabis.
b. Seventy percent of Canadians reported using cannabis.
c. The majority of Canadians believe harsher drug laws need to be implemented.
d. Deviant acts such as cannabis use are causes of more serious crimes.
ANSWER: b
13. According to Hagan’s model, which of these statements BEST describes the most serious acts of
deviance?
a. They are the most likely to occur.
b. They are as likely to occur as less severe acts.
c. They are relatively harmless.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
d. They are the least likely to occur.
ANSWER: d
14. Why do many criminologists NOT have a degree in criminology, but instead have degrees in
sociology, law, or political science?
a. There are no criminology graduate degrees in Canada.
b. Criminology is a multidisciplinary science.
c. Criminology programs are very hard to get in to.
d. Most graduate programs in criminology will only accept other majors.
ANSWER: b
15. Which topic would a criminologist be more likely to study than a criminal justice scholar?
a. the policies for processing arrests made by RCMP officers
b. the geographical dispersal of law-enforcement resources in a province
c. the design of new prisons
d. the crime patterns of drug addicts in an urban area versus those in a rural area
ANSWER: d
16. Which of these is one dimension of John Hagan’s model of varieties of deviance?
a. the evaluation of the cost of crime
b. the level of political agreement about crime
c. the seriousness of the act
d. the severity of societal response
ANSWER: d
17. Which term refers to a reduction in the criminal penalty associated with an offence?
a. legalization b. deviance enhancement
c. decriminalization d. utilitarianism
ANSWER: c
18. What does John Hagan’s model examine?
a. varieties in crime rates b. varieties in society’s response to crime
c. varieties in deviance d. varieties in homicide rates
ANSWER: c
19. Which statement BEST describes deviant behaviour?
a. It has largely remained the same since Canada was founded.
b. It has shifted over time, but our laws remain steadfast.
c. It has shifted over time, based on shifting concepts, impacting our criminal laws.
d. It has never been stable, and thus is completely unsuitable for use in defining crime.
ANSWER: c
20. R. v. Sharpe was a famous Canadian court case. What did it deal with?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. protecting children from sexual exploitation
b. prostitution legislation
c. corporate crime in the workplace
d. enforcing drug laws in Canada
ANSWER: a
21. Which statement BEST summarizes the Middle Ages belief about people who violated social norms
or religious practices?
a. They were atavistic anomalies.
b. They were practicing witchcraft or suffering from demonic possession.
c. They were making a rational decision to engage in antisocial behaviours.
d. They were proletariats.
ANSWER: b
22. What does the philosophy of utilitarianism emphasize?
a. a fair, rational, and balanced approach to punishment
b. the use of cruel and excessive punishments
c. reliance on executions for both violent and property offences
d. the scientific approach to studying immoral crimes
ANSWER: a
23. Which term refers to the philosophical view that behaviour has a rational and useful purpose?
a. utilitarianism b. rationalism
c. existentialism d. humanism
ANSWER: a
24. Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements of the classical school’s conceptualization of
punishment?
a. certainty of punishment
b. speed of punishment
c. appropriateness of punishment
d. severity of punishment
ANSWER: c
25. Which of these policies is premised on the principles of utilitarianism?
a. administering the death penalty in an unreasonable and unbalanced manner
b. hiring fewer police officers so that only serious crimes are investigated
c. ensuring that every defendant has the ability to appeal their case
d. ensuring that all punishments are proportional and the least possible given the surrounding
circumstances
ANSWER: d
26. If, as predicted by Beccaria, individuals commit offences in order to achieve a pleasurable outcome,
which of the following must be utilized to prevent offending?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. gratification
b. pain
c. relaxation
d. neutrality
ANSWER: b
27. Which criminological theorist argued that humans seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Franz Joseph Gall
c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx
ANSWER: a
28. What criminological perspective did Beccaria advocate for?
a. humanism b. engenderment
c. utilitarianism d. socialism
ANSWER: c
29. Which policy would Beccaria likely find most appropriate given his views on criminal offending?
a. increasing the number of police officers on the street
b. shortening the time span between arrest, conviction, and implementation of sentence
c. decreasing the number of appeals available to convicted murderers
d. reinstating the death penalty and not attempting to rehabilitate murderers
ANSWER: b
30. Which of the following criminological perspectives dominated judicial philosophy throughout the
majority of the 18th through early 20th centuries?
a. conflict criminology b. positivist criminology
c. sociological criminology d. classical criminology
ANSWER: d
31. Which of the following is a basic element of classical criminology?
a. Criminal behaviour is a product of external forces exerted on the individual.
b. The tendency to act criminally is inherited.
c. Crime is a product of social forces.
d. People have free will to choose to act either criminally or lawfully.
ANSWER: d
32. Which perspective argues that criminal solutions are typically more attractive than conventional ones
because they often require less work for a greater reward?
a. positive criminology b. classical criminology
c. criminal anthropology d. criminal sociology
ANSWER: b
33. According to utilitarianism, what is crime?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
a. the result of a failing school system
b. a random occurrence, conducted by individuals with limited self-control
c. the result of a rational choice made by an individual
d. the result of pressure to achieve monetary success in the face of unrelenting poverty
ANSWER: c
34. Which statement BEST describes Cesare Beccaria’s beliefs about the role of punishments against
criminals?
a. Punishments should be carried out in private.
b. Criminals should be made to disappear from public view and public thought.
c. A delay in delivering punishment is not problematic as long as it is forceful.
d. The minimum punishment possible should be used on a convicted criminal.
ANSWER: d
35. Beccaria argued that in order for punishment to be an effective deterrent, it needed to severe, certain,
and swift. According to Beccaria, what else must punishment be?
a. the least possible given the circumstances
b. dictated by the victim of the crime
c. administered by men to protect women’s virtue and dignity
d. forceful
ANSWER: a
36. Which philosopher is most associated with classical criminology?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Franz Joseph Gall
c. Anthony Giddons d. Karl Marx
ANSWER: a
37. According to classical criminology, what motivates a person’s decision to engage in criminal
behaviour?
a. fear of punishment b. eugenic control
c. social support d. increased surveillance
ANSWER: a
38. Which phrase is most closely associated with the classical criminology perspective?
a. “Turn the other cheek.”
b. “Kill’em all and let God sort them out.”
c. “Let the punishment fit the crime.”
d. “You catch more flies with honey than with feces.”
ANSWER: c
39. Rehman believes that the truth about human nature can be derived only through careful scientific
observation of behaviour. Which of these terms best applies to Rehman’s beliefs?
a. positivist b. humanist
c. socialist d. classicist
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
ANSWER: a
40. Who is known for their work in the area of positivism?
a. Cesare Beccaria b. Robert Reiner
c. Anthony Giddons d. Auguste Comte
ANSWER: d
41. Which of these statements illustrates one of the key elements of the positivist tradition?
a. Deviant behaviour is the result of an individual seeking to minimize pain and maximize
pleasure.
b. The choice to break the law is a rational one.
c. Offences are committed due to forces that are beyond an individual’s control.
d. The punishment should fit the offence, not the offender.
ANSWER: c
42. Which technique would a physiognomist use to explain criminal behaviour?
a. tracing inherited criminogenic traits
b. interviewing significant others to determine environmental factors that cause criminality
c. studying facial characteristics such as the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes and the distance
between them in relation to the propensity to commit crimes
d. studying the season, climate, gender, age, and the influences that these factors have on the
tendency to commit crimes
ANSWER: c
43. What modern term is related to the French psychiatric term manie sans délire?
a. psychopathy b. anomie
c. neuroticism d. schizophrenia
ANSWER: a
44. Which criminology movement was initially inspired by emerging discoveries in biology, astronomy,
and chemistry?
a. classical b. conflict
c. positivism d. sociology
ANSWER: c
45. Which of the following is one of the main elements of the positivist tradition?
a. Human behaviour is a function of external forces that are beyond individual control.
b. Criminal behaviour is a product of free will and rational choice.
c. Criminal behaviour can be explained by a logical analysis of the Bible.
d. Let the punishment fit the crime.
ANSWER: a
46. Which of these men was a famous phrenologist?
a. Philippe Pinel b. Auguste Comte
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology
c. Franz Joseph Gall d. Henry Maudsley
ANSWER: c
47. Lombroso’s statement that born criminals inherit physical problems created an interest in
which academic field?
a. criminal forensics b. sociology
c. criminal anthropology d. psychiatry
ANSWER: c
48. Lombroso said criminals were biological throwbacks to primitive beasts. What term did he coin to
describe this condition?
a. moral degeneracy b. biological primitivism
c. atavism d. criminaloidism
ANSWER: c
49. Which of these theorists conceptualized crime as an outlet in which the unsound tendencies of the
mentally ill are discharged?
a. Franz Joseph Gall b. Charles Darwin
c. Karl Marx d. Henry Maudsley
ANSWER: d
50. Which criminology perspective argues that an abstract concept such as IQ exists because it is
measurable?
a. positivist b. classical
c. sociological d. interactionist
ANSWER: a
51. What form of inheritance did Lombroso argue was primarily responsible for the spread of
criminogenic traits?
a. requisite genetic spread
b. optional genetic spread
c. indirect heredity
d. direct heredity
ANSWER: c
52. Which statement BEST describes a difference between positivist and classical criminology?
a. Positivist criminology believes that behaviour is the result of external forces; classical
criminology believes individuals are solely responsible for their actions.
b. Positivism criminology uses conjecture to identify responses to crime; classical criminology
uses scientific methods.
c. Classical criminology seeks to exert the maximum punishment allowed; positivist criminology
believes in using as little punishment as possible.
d. Classical criminology is considered to be the current standard in criminological theory, having
displaced positivist criminology in the early 20th century.
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