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PPP PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS
J. Berry acculturation, integration-correct-answer-J. Barry conceptualizes
acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture
and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be
displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high
maintenance of the mainstream culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women-correct-answer-Lenore Walker
describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute
battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits
of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies,
assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The
relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the
abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates,
the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming
behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect-correct-answer-If we are reinforced for performing two
different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to
increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because
the reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable.
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doctrine of comparable worth-correct-answer-States that workers (in particular,
men and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent
worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism-correct-answer-In Seligman's theory of
learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the
opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make
internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people
would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to
negative events. Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough")
since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough
grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and
Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external and unstable
attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky would
imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder-correct-answer-The symptoms of
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often
become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a
chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease,
other symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist.
(See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy,
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
,3|Page
Group polarization-correct-answer-A group's decisions tend to be more extreme
(in one direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in
the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One
explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to
support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as
much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting
alone.
Solomon's four group design-correct-answer-a true experimental design used to
evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are
not.
MANOVA-correct-answer-A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to
analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more
dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA-correct-answer-A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data
when a factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is
used and the dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of
each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the
effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study
described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent
variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And
a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading
, 4|Page
programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example,
"Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students,
moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average
students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective
for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been
effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA-correct-answer-A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has
one independent variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA-correct-answer-The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the
appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-
groups variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rate-correct-answer-alpha (chance of Type I error) for all
analyses done on a data set
capitation-correct-answer-A common method of reimbursement used primarily
by health maintenance organizations in which the provider or medical facility is
paid a fixed, per capita amount for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless
of how many or few services the patient uses.
PPP PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS
J. Berry acculturation, integration-correct-answer-J. Barry conceptualizes
acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture
and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be
displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high
maintenance of the mainstream culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women-correct-answer-Lenore Walker
describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute
battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits
of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies,
assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The
relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the
abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates,
the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming
behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect-correct-answer-If we are reinforced for performing two
different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to
increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because
the reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable.
,2|Page
doctrine of comparable worth-correct-answer-States that workers (in particular,
men and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent
worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism-correct-answer-In Seligman's theory of
learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the
opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make
internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people
would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to
negative events. Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough")
since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough
grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and
Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external and unstable
attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky would
imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder-correct-answer-The symptoms of
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often
become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a
chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease,
other symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist.
(See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy,
American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
,3|Page
Group polarization-correct-answer-A group's decisions tend to be more extreme
(in one direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in
the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One
explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to
support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as
much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting
alone.
Solomon's four group design-correct-answer-a true experimental design used to
evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are
not.
MANOVA-correct-answer-A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to
analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more
dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA-correct-answer-A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data
when a factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is
used and the dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of
each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the
effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study
described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent
variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And
a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading
, 4|Page
programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example,
"Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students,
moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average
students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective
for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been
effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA-correct-answer-A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has
one independent variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA-correct-answer-The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the
appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-
groups variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rate-correct-answer-alpha (chance of Type I error) for all
analyses done on a data set
capitation-correct-answer-A common method of reimbursement used primarily
by health maintenance organizations in which the provider or medical facility is
paid a fixed, per capita amount for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless
of how many or few services the patient uses.
