Class 12 CBSE – Expanded Short Notes &
Formulae
■ Physics
Mechanics:
- Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at², v² = u² + 2as
- Newton’s Laws: F = ma, action = -reaction
- Work, Power, Energy: W = F·d cosθ, P = W/t, KE = 1/2 mv², PE = mgh
Gravitation:
- F = Gm■m■/r², g = GM/R², escape velocity ve = √(2GM/R)
Oscillations & Waves:
- Simple Harmonic Motion: x = A sin(ωt+φ), T = 2π√(m/k)
- Wave speed: v = fλ, sound speed v = √(γRT/M)
Electrostatics & Current:
- Coulomb’s law: F = kq■q■/r²
- Electric field: E = F/q, Potential: V = kq/r
- Ohm’s law: V = IR, Resistance R = ρl/A, Power P = VI
Magnetism & EM Induction:
- Force on charge: F = qvB sinθ, Force on wire: F = BIL sinθ
- Faraday’s Law: ε = -dΦ/dt
Optics:
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u, Magnification M = v/u
- Wave optics: Young’s double slit: ∆y = λD/d
Modern Physics:
- Photoelectric Effect: E = hf – φ
- de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
- Einstein: E = mc²
Formulae
■ Physics
Mechanics:
- Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at², v² = u² + 2as
- Newton’s Laws: F = ma, action = -reaction
- Work, Power, Energy: W = F·d cosθ, P = W/t, KE = 1/2 mv², PE = mgh
Gravitation:
- F = Gm■m■/r², g = GM/R², escape velocity ve = √(2GM/R)
Oscillations & Waves:
- Simple Harmonic Motion: x = A sin(ωt+φ), T = 2π√(m/k)
- Wave speed: v = fλ, sound speed v = √(γRT/M)
Electrostatics & Current:
- Coulomb’s law: F = kq■q■/r²
- Electric field: E = F/q, Potential: V = kq/r
- Ohm’s law: V = IR, Resistance R = ρl/A, Power P = VI
Magnetism & EM Induction:
- Force on charge: F = qvB sinθ, Force on wire: F = BIL sinθ
- Faraday’s Law: ε = -dΦ/dt
Optics:
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u, Magnification M = v/u
- Wave optics: Young’s double slit: ∆y = λD/d
Modern Physics:
- Photoelectric Effect: E = hf – φ
- de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
- Einstein: E = mc²
