Page 1 of 51
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM WITH
COMBINED STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Causes of FVD --ANSWER--Either lack of intake or output is greater than
intake
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-fever
-hemorrhage
-lots of NGT
FVE
(hypervolemia/edema) --ANSWER---localized swelling
-pale, gray, or red skin color
-weight gain
-slow bounding pulse, high blood pressure
-lethargy, possible seizures
-pulmonary congestion, cough, rales
-Lab values: decreased hematocrit, decreased serum sodium / urine: low
specific gravity, high volume
,Page 2 of 51
Causes of FVE --ANSWER---decrease in oncotic pressure (amount of protein in
bloodstream)
-increase amount of fluid in the body (vascular system)
-alteration in the lymphatic system (clean-up system)
-increase in capillary permeability
ABG Levels --ANSWER--pH: 7.35-7.45 acidosis<>alkalosis
PaO2: 75-100 mmHg
PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg respiratory
HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L metabolic
FVD
(hypovolemia/dehydration) --ANSWER---sunken, soft eyes
-decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
-thirst, weight loss
-rapid weak thready pulse, low blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension
-fatigue, weakness, dizziness, possible stupor
-increased body temperature
-Lab values: increased hematocrit, increased electrolytes / urine: high specific
gravity, low volume
,Page 3 of 51
Hyponatremia --ANSWER--serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L
Causes of Hyponatremia --ANSWER---losses from excessive sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea
-use of certain diuretic drugs with low-salt diets
-hormonal imbalances
-early chronic renal failure
-excess water intake
Effects of Hyponatremia --ANSWER--low sodium levels impair nerve
conduction and result in fluid imbalances between the compartments
Signs of Hyponatremia --ANSWER---anorexia, nausea, cramps
-fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness
-headache, confusion, seizures
-decreased blood pressure
Hypernatremia --ANSWER--excess sodium level in the blood and extracellular
fluids greater than 145 mEq/L
Causes of Hypernatremia --ANSWER---insuffcient ADH, which results in a
large volume of dilute urine
, Page 4 of 51
-loss of thirst mechanism
-watery diarrhea
-prolonged periods of rapid respiration
Effects of Hypernatremia --ANSWER--fluid shift out of the cells owing to the
increased oncotic pressure of interstitial or extracellular fluid
Signs of Hypernatremia --ANSWER---thirst; tongue and mucosa are dry and
sticky
-weakness, lethargy, agitation
-edema
-elevated blood pressure
Hypokalemia --ANSWER--serum level of potassium is less than 3.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hypokalemia --ANSWER---excess losses from the body because of
diarrhea
-diuresis associated with diuretic drugs
-the presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body
-decreased dietary intake
-treatment of DKA with insulin
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM WITH
COMBINED STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Causes of FVD --ANSWER--Either lack of intake or output is greater than
intake
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-fever
-hemorrhage
-lots of NGT
FVE
(hypervolemia/edema) --ANSWER---localized swelling
-pale, gray, or red skin color
-weight gain
-slow bounding pulse, high blood pressure
-lethargy, possible seizures
-pulmonary congestion, cough, rales
-Lab values: decreased hematocrit, decreased serum sodium / urine: low
specific gravity, high volume
,Page 2 of 51
Causes of FVE --ANSWER---decrease in oncotic pressure (amount of protein in
bloodstream)
-increase amount of fluid in the body (vascular system)
-alteration in the lymphatic system (clean-up system)
-increase in capillary permeability
ABG Levels --ANSWER--pH: 7.35-7.45 acidosis<>alkalosis
PaO2: 75-100 mmHg
PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg respiratory
HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L metabolic
FVD
(hypovolemia/dehydration) --ANSWER---sunken, soft eyes
-decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
-thirst, weight loss
-rapid weak thready pulse, low blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension
-fatigue, weakness, dizziness, possible stupor
-increased body temperature
-Lab values: increased hematocrit, increased electrolytes / urine: high specific
gravity, low volume
,Page 3 of 51
Hyponatremia --ANSWER--serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L
Causes of Hyponatremia --ANSWER---losses from excessive sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea
-use of certain diuretic drugs with low-salt diets
-hormonal imbalances
-early chronic renal failure
-excess water intake
Effects of Hyponatremia --ANSWER--low sodium levels impair nerve
conduction and result in fluid imbalances between the compartments
Signs of Hyponatremia --ANSWER---anorexia, nausea, cramps
-fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness
-headache, confusion, seizures
-decreased blood pressure
Hypernatremia --ANSWER--excess sodium level in the blood and extracellular
fluids greater than 145 mEq/L
Causes of Hypernatremia --ANSWER---insuffcient ADH, which results in a
large volume of dilute urine
, Page 4 of 51
-loss of thirst mechanism
-watery diarrhea
-prolonged periods of rapid respiration
Effects of Hypernatremia --ANSWER--fluid shift out of the cells owing to the
increased oncotic pressure of interstitial or extracellular fluid
Signs of Hypernatremia --ANSWER---thirst; tongue and mucosa are dry and
sticky
-weakness, lethargy, agitation
-edema
-elevated blood pressure
Hypokalemia --ANSWER--serum level of potassium is less than 3.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hypokalemia --ANSWER---excess losses from the body because of
diarrhea
-diuresis associated with diuretic drugs
-the presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body
-decreased dietary intake
-treatment of DKA with insulin
