NUR 425 Exam 1 (Jennifer Fox)
Piaget created a theory of development related to what? - answer Cognitive abilities
varying from age to age
Erikson created a theory of development related to what? - answer Psychosocial
development
Birth to 12 months. Learns trust as basic needs are met. Mistrust if needs not met or
unable to delay gratification. – answer Trust vs. Mistrust
12 months to three years. Learns independent behaviors such as feeding and dressing,
exercises choices, exerts self. Shame and doubt if independence is not encouraged. –
answer Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3-5 years old. Goal direction, competitive, exploratory behavior. Imaginative play.
Initiative occurs when child independently begins inactivity instead of merely responding
to or imitating other. Guilt occurs when caregivers frequently reprimand behaviors
reflecting initiative. – answer Initiative vs. Guilt
6-12 years old. Learns self worth. Gains mastery of psychosocial, physiological, and
cognitive skills. Becomes socially and peer focused. Less family focused. Inferiority can
develop when school-age children are ridiculed by peers, don't measure up to adult
standards, or lack certain skills. - answerIndustry vs. Inferiority
12-17 years old. Develops a sense of who they are intellectually, cognitively,
behaviorally, and emotionally. Emerging physical and sexual maturity is integrated with
already existing skills and abilities. Gains independence from parents. Peers are very
important. A crucial stage in development, as identity formation affects commitments
and decisions made later in life. Role confusion occurs when the adolescent is unable to
acquire a sense of direction, self, or place within the world. - answerRole Identity vs.
Role Confusion
Birth to 2 years. Develops object permanence. Puts things in mouth, learns motor and
vision skills, emphasis on reflexes and reacting to stimuli. Infants try to make sense of
their world through sensory perceptions and and motor activities such as looking,
sucking, rooting, and grasping.
Interested in novelty, repetition; understands causality; solicits help from others
Simple problem solving; imitates
Develops object permanence; anticipates others' actions; differentiates
familiar/unfamiliar objects - answerSensorimotor stage
,2-7 years. The child develops animism, egocentric thought, mental imagery, increasing
language. Preconceptual thought, artificialism, finalism. Use language to represent
thoughts and ideas. - answerPreoperational stage
Indicates the the child does not yet understand what a concept involves, that is, that a
concept refers to a certain class of things which have a certain feature in common on
the basis of which they can be grouped together, even if they differ in another respects.
In the preoperational stage. - answerPreconceptual thought
Refers to the meaning that preschool children attach to "why?" questions. For young
children the "why?" question can have two different meanings. believe that everything,
including death, must have a cause no matter how insignificant, even if it
happens by chance. In the preoperational stage. - answerFinalism
Refers to the child's belief that all the physical phenomena in the world are produced by
people, for the use of people. - answerArtificialism
7 to 12 years. Understands relationships, classification, conservations, seriation, and
reversibility. Have difficulty in understanding objects and events the do not have
concrete evidence. Logical reasoning limited. Less egocentric thought. Can see
another's point of view. - answerConcrete operations
13 years and older. Capable of systematic, abstract thought. Flexibility and adaptability.
Make and test hypotheses. Can solve most contradictions. Think about possibilities. -
answerFormal operations
A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has been hospitalized for 12 hours. Which of
the following situations would most affect the child's behavior?
a. The presence of other children
b. A lack of familiar toys
c. The presence of nurses
d. The separation from parents - answerD (Between the ages of 6 months and 2.5
years, separation anxiety is very common. Separation from parents should be avoided
when possible, due to the distress it causes.)
The nurse provides anticipatory guidance to the parents of a 4-year old client. Which
teaching points does the nurse include?
a. Telling lies is normal in this age group.
b. Give Syrup of Ipecac for accidental ingestions.
c. Avoid giving raw carrots and grapes.
d. Nightmares and night terrors are common.
e. Ensure helmet use when riding a tricycle. - answerA D E (Preschoolers are concrete
and magical thinkers and enjoy pretend play. They often are not able to differentiate
, fantasy from reality. The parents need teaching to guide the child through this stage.
Syrup of Ipecac is not routinely recommended. Parents should always call Poison
Control before treating the child who has ingested a non-food substance. Raw carrots
and whole grapes are safe for the child over age 3 years. These are choking hazards
for children younger than 3 years of age. Nightmares and night terrors are common in
the pre-school age group. Nightmares are decreased by limiting exposure to frightening
images. Night terrors are self-limiting. The American Academy of Pediatrics
recommends the use of bicycle helmets when riding a tricyle, while learning to ride a
bicycle, and when riding a bike independently.)
A nurse is performing a developmental assessment on a 15-month-old. Which of the
following findings is of the most concern?
a. Unable to stand for 2 seconds
b. Unable to run
c. Unable to say 3 words
d. Unable to put on clothing - answerA
The nurse cares for a client who is four years old at a well child check. What behavior
observed by the nurse would be unexpected for the client who is 4 years old?
a. Hides from health care provider.
b. Needs parent to put on shirt.
c. Speaks to a purple dragon.
d. Throws toy at older sibling. - answerB (The client who is three years old is able to
dress almost independently. The nurse would further assess whether the client who is 4
years old is able to dress independently at home.)
Which age group has the greatest potential to demonstrate regression when they are
sick?
A. Adolescent
B. Young Adult
C. Toddler
D. Infant - answerC
Which stage of development is most unstable and challenging regarding development
of personal identity?
A. Adolescence
B. Toddler hood
C. Childhood
D. Infancy - answerA
Piaget created a theory of development related to what? - answer Cognitive abilities
varying from age to age
Erikson created a theory of development related to what? - answer Psychosocial
development
Birth to 12 months. Learns trust as basic needs are met. Mistrust if needs not met or
unable to delay gratification. – answer Trust vs. Mistrust
12 months to three years. Learns independent behaviors such as feeding and dressing,
exercises choices, exerts self. Shame and doubt if independence is not encouraged. –
answer Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3-5 years old. Goal direction, competitive, exploratory behavior. Imaginative play.
Initiative occurs when child independently begins inactivity instead of merely responding
to or imitating other. Guilt occurs when caregivers frequently reprimand behaviors
reflecting initiative. – answer Initiative vs. Guilt
6-12 years old. Learns self worth. Gains mastery of psychosocial, physiological, and
cognitive skills. Becomes socially and peer focused. Less family focused. Inferiority can
develop when school-age children are ridiculed by peers, don't measure up to adult
standards, or lack certain skills. - answerIndustry vs. Inferiority
12-17 years old. Develops a sense of who they are intellectually, cognitively,
behaviorally, and emotionally. Emerging physical and sexual maturity is integrated with
already existing skills and abilities. Gains independence from parents. Peers are very
important. A crucial stage in development, as identity formation affects commitments
and decisions made later in life. Role confusion occurs when the adolescent is unable to
acquire a sense of direction, self, or place within the world. - answerRole Identity vs.
Role Confusion
Birth to 2 years. Develops object permanence. Puts things in mouth, learns motor and
vision skills, emphasis on reflexes and reacting to stimuli. Infants try to make sense of
their world through sensory perceptions and and motor activities such as looking,
sucking, rooting, and grasping.
Interested in novelty, repetition; understands causality; solicits help from others
Simple problem solving; imitates
Develops object permanence; anticipates others' actions; differentiates
familiar/unfamiliar objects - answerSensorimotor stage
,2-7 years. The child develops animism, egocentric thought, mental imagery, increasing
language. Preconceptual thought, artificialism, finalism. Use language to represent
thoughts and ideas. - answerPreoperational stage
Indicates the the child does not yet understand what a concept involves, that is, that a
concept refers to a certain class of things which have a certain feature in common on
the basis of which they can be grouped together, even if they differ in another respects.
In the preoperational stage. - answerPreconceptual thought
Refers to the meaning that preschool children attach to "why?" questions. For young
children the "why?" question can have two different meanings. believe that everything,
including death, must have a cause no matter how insignificant, even if it
happens by chance. In the preoperational stage. - answerFinalism
Refers to the child's belief that all the physical phenomena in the world are produced by
people, for the use of people. - answerArtificialism
7 to 12 years. Understands relationships, classification, conservations, seriation, and
reversibility. Have difficulty in understanding objects and events the do not have
concrete evidence. Logical reasoning limited. Less egocentric thought. Can see
another's point of view. - answerConcrete operations
13 years and older. Capable of systematic, abstract thought. Flexibility and adaptability.
Make and test hypotheses. Can solve most contradictions. Think about possibilities. -
answerFormal operations
A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has been hospitalized for 12 hours. Which of
the following situations would most affect the child's behavior?
a. The presence of other children
b. A lack of familiar toys
c. The presence of nurses
d. The separation from parents - answerD (Between the ages of 6 months and 2.5
years, separation anxiety is very common. Separation from parents should be avoided
when possible, due to the distress it causes.)
The nurse provides anticipatory guidance to the parents of a 4-year old client. Which
teaching points does the nurse include?
a. Telling lies is normal in this age group.
b. Give Syrup of Ipecac for accidental ingestions.
c. Avoid giving raw carrots and grapes.
d. Nightmares and night terrors are common.
e. Ensure helmet use when riding a tricycle. - answerA D E (Preschoolers are concrete
and magical thinkers and enjoy pretend play. They often are not able to differentiate
, fantasy from reality. The parents need teaching to guide the child through this stage.
Syrup of Ipecac is not routinely recommended. Parents should always call Poison
Control before treating the child who has ingested a non-food substance. Raw carrots
and whole grapes are safe for the child over age 3 years. These are choking hazards
for children younger than 3 years of age. Nightmares and night terrors are common in
the pre-school age group. Nightmares are decreased by limiting exposure to frightening
images. Night terrors are self-limiting. The American Academy of Pediatrics
recommends the use of bicycle helmets when riding a tricyle, while learning to ride a
bicycle, and when riding a bike independently.)
A nurse is performing a developmental assessment on a 15-month-old. Which of the
following findings is of the most concern?
a. Unable to stand for 2 seconds
b. Unable to run
c. Unable to say 3 words
d. Unable to put on clothing - answerA
The nurse cares for a client who is four years old at a well child check. What behavior
observed by the nurse would be unexpected for the client who is 4 years old?
a. Hides from health care provider.
b. Needs parent to put on shirt.
c. Speaks to a purple dragon.
d. Throws toy at older sibling. - answerB (The client who is three years old is able to
dress almost independently. The nurse would further assess whether the client who is 4
years old is able to dress independently at home.)
Which age group has the greatest potential to demonstrate regression when they are
sick?
A. Adolescent
B. Young Adult
C. Toddler
D. Infant - answerC
Which stage of development is most unstable and challenging regarding development
of personal identity?
A. Adolescence
B. Toddler hood
C. Childhood
D. Infancy - answerA
