NUR 425 Exam 4
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - answer is involved in the synthesis of
corticosteroids.
Growth hormone - answeralso known as somatotropin, stimulates growth through
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - answer assists in the maturation of the ovaries in
females and in spermatogenesis in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - answeris involved in ovulation in females and the production
of testosterone in males
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - answercontrols the secretion of thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3) thyroid hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - answercontrols water retention by the kidneys and
moderates vasoconstriction and the release of ACTH in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
oxytocin - answerplays a major role in circadian homeostasis, the release of breast milk,
and cervical changes and uterine contractions during labor and delivery
Negative feedback system - answercontrols the hormonal release. increases hormone
secretion when circulating levels are decreased
A1c levels - answerWe want < 7%
Normal sugar range - answer65-99 mg/dL
prediabetes - answer- A1C 5.7-6.4%
- Fasting bg 100-125
- OGTT 140-199
° Diet teaching, exercise (weight loss)
hyperglycemia manifestations - answerFruity-smelling breath.
Nausea and vomiting.
Shortness of breath.
Dry mouth.
Weakness.
Confusion.
Coma.
Abdominal pain.
, hypoglycemia manifestations - answer• Anxiety
• Hunger
• Palpitations
• Circumoral paresthesia (numbness around lips)
• Sweating
• Shakiness
• Irritability
If blood glucose levels continue to drop, reaching levels where the central nervous
system is inadequately supplied with glucose, symptoms include:
• Difficulty thinking
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Sleepiness
• Slurred speech
• Weakness/lack of
DM risk factors - answerType I: genetic and environmental factors, mostly diagnosed
before age of 30, autoimmune response, or infectious process
Type II: BMI (overweight), genetics and lifestyle, strong hereditary predisposition
The difference between type 1 & type 2 - answerinsulin deficiency or when there are
defects in the effective action of insulin at the cell membrane
- Diabetes type I
insulin resistance glucose cannot effectively cross cell membranes to enter the cell.
- Diabetes type II
DM patient: address first? - answermaximize glycemic control (goal <120)
Lab to evaluate as DM type I care progressed - answerGlucose and A1c
Anion gap - answer• Positive anion gap (normal range 8-16) for diabetic ketoacidosis
° Elevates= metabolic acidosis
° Evaluate the random glucose (300>180, improving)
DM consults - answerdietician, DM educator, pharmacy
Insulin injection teachings - answerInsulin administration: rotating sites (arm to
abdomen), angle of injection (fatter 90 degrees, 45 degrees if unable to pinch fat)
Older adult, obese, DM prevention assessment and teaching - answerA healthy,
balanced diet
DM I manifestations - answerpolyuria (glucose in urine), polydipsia, polyphagia
( appetite), fatigue, and weight loss
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - answer is involved in the synthesis of
corticosteroids.
Growth hormone - answeralso known as somatotropin, stimulates growth through
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - answer assists in the maturation of the ovaries in
females and in spermatogenesis in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - answeris involved in ovulation in females and the production
of testosterone in males
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - answercontrols the secretion of thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3) thyroid hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - answercontrols water retention by the kidneys and
moderates vasoconstriction and the release of ACTH in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
oxytocin - answerplays a major role in circadian homeostasis, the release of breast milk,
and cervical changes and uterine contractions during labor and delivery
Negative feedback system - answercontrols the hormonal release. increases hormone
secretion when circulating levels are decreased
A1c levels - answerWe want < 7%
Normal sugar range - answer65-99 mg/dL
prediabetes - answer- A1C 5.7-6.4%
- Fasting bg 100-125
- OGTT 140-199
° Diet teaching, exercise (weight loss)
hyperglycemia manifestations - answerFruity-smelling breath.
Nausea and vomiting.
Shortness of breath.
Dry mouth.
Weakness.
Confusion.
Coma.
Abdominal pain.
, hypoglycemia manifestations - answer• Anxiety
• Hunger
• Palpitations
• Circumoral paresthesia (numbness around lips)
• Sweating
• Shakiness
• Irritability
If blood glucose levels continue to drop, reaching levels where the central nervous
system is inadequately supplied with glucose, symptoms include:
• Difficulty thinking
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Sleepiness
• Slurred speech
• Weakness/lack of
DM risk factors - answerType I: genetic and environmental factors, mostly diagnosed
before age of 30, autoimmune response, or infectious process
Type II: BMI (overweight), genetics and lifestyle, strong hereditary predisposition
The difference between type 1 & type 2 - answerinsulin deficiency or when there are
defects in the effective action of insulin at the cell membrane
- Diabetes type I
insulin resistance glucose cannot effectively cross cell membranes to enter the cell.
- Diabetes type II
DM patient: address first? - answermaximize glycemic control (goal <120)
Lab to evaluate as DM type I care progressed - answerGlucose and A1c
Anion gap - answer• Positive anion gap (normal range 8-16) for diabetic ketoacidosis
° Elevates= metabolic acidosis
° Evaluate the random glucose (300>180, improving)
DM consults - answerdietician, DM educator, pharmacy
Insulin injection teachings - answerInsulin administration: rotating sites (arm to
abdomen), angle of injection (fatter 90 degrees, 45 degrees if unable to pinch fat)
Older adult, obese, DM prevention assessment and teaching - answerA healthy,
balanced diet
DM I manifestations - answerpolyuria (glucose in urine), polydipsia, polyphagia
( appetite), fatigue, and weight loss
