CV 1 (Additions)
The sternum and costal cartilage (3rd - 5th ribs)
What anatomical structures
bound the heart anteriorly?
On the diaphragm
Where does the heart rest inferiorly?
What is the orientation and The apex is oriented forward and projects to the left 5th
projection of the heart's apex? intercostal space at the midclavicular line (MCL).
What is the point of maximal The PMI is palpable at the apex of the heart.
impulse (PMI) and where is it
located?
What heart sound is best S1, which is the closure of the AV valves.
captured during auscultation at
the apex?
What are the heart sounds S1: closure of AV valves; S2: closure of SL valves; S3 and S4 may
associated with valve closures? be heard at the apex.
Right atrium (RA) as the right border, right ventricle (RV) as
What anatomical landmarks are
inferior and anterior surfaces, left ventricle (LV) shaping the apex
provided by the cardiac
and left border, and the base as the superior portion including
silhouette on imaging?
great vessel connections.
What is the normal volume of 10-25 mL.
pericardial fluid?
What is the difference between Acute tamponade involves rapid buildup leading to decreased
acute and chronic cardiac cardiac output, while chronic tamponade involves gradual
tamponade? stretch with delayed symptoms.
, What arteries provide blood Internal thoracic, bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries.
supply to the heart?
How does venous drainage occur Through the azygos system and pericardiophrenic veins.
in the heart?
Which nerves are involved in the The vagus nerve, phrenic nerves, and sympathetic trunks.
innervation of the heart?
What is the structural role of the It anchors valves and cardiac muscle, preserves contraction
cardiac skeleton? efficiency, and electrically isolates atria from ventricles.
What key structures are part of Tendon of conus, left fibrous trigone, right fibrous trigone
the cardiac skeleton?
Tendon of conus links? Aortic and pulmonic annuli
Left fibrous trigone links? Aortic and AV annuli
Right fibrous trigone is? Central fibrous body
Cardiac skeleton is composed of? 4 fibrous annuli
What is the primary function of It serves as a reservoir for the right ventricle.
the right atrium?
What are the blood sources for Superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus.
the right atrium?
What is the role of the right It pumps blood to the pulmonary arteries.
ventricle?
What separates the right atrium The tricuspid valve.
from the right ventricle?
What is the most common cause Endocarditis.
of tricuspid valve replacement
issues?
What is the wall thickness of the 4-5 mm
right ventricle?
What forms the smooth outflow Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
tract from the RV to the
pulmonary artery?
What does the moderator band do? Supports conduction by carrying part of the bundle branch system
It receives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins and acts
What is the function of the left
atrium? as a reservoir and contractile pump.
What effect does atrial kick It increases LVEDV by 20-30%.
have on left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (LVEDV)?
What happens to the atrial kick Loss of atrial kick occurs.
during atrial fibrillation?
What is the significance of It is crucial to maintain blood pressure within a 20% range from
compensating for blood baseline, especially in patients with known hypertension.
pressure in patients with
hypotension?
How does ventricular filling relate In patients with impaired ventricular compliance,
to patients with impaired compensatory mechanisms contribute to ventricular
The sternum and costal cartilage (3rd - 5th ribs)
What anatomical structures
bound the heart anteriorly?
On the diaphragm
Where does the heart rest inferiorly?
What is the orientation and The apex is oriented forward and projects to the left 5th
projection of the heart's apex? intercostal space at the midclavicular line (MCL).
What is the point of maximal The PMI is palpable at the apex of the heart.
impulse (PMI) and where is it
located?
What heart sound is best S1, which is the closure of the AV valves.
captured during auscultation at
the apex?
What are the heart sounds S1: closure of AV valves; S2: closure of SL valves; S3 and S4 may
associated with valve closures? be heard at the apex.
Right atrium (RA) as the right border, right ventricle (RV) as
What anatomical landmarks are
inferior and anterior surfaces, left ventricle (LV) shaping the apex
provided by the cardiac
and left border, and the base as the superior portion including
silhouette on imaging?
great vessel connections.
What is the normal volume of 10-25 mL.
pericardial fluid?
What is the difference between Acute tamponade involves rapid buildup leading to decreased
acute and chronic cardiac cardiac output, while chronic tamponade involves gradual
tamponade? stretch with delayed symptoms.
, What arteries provide blood Internal thoracic, bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries.
supply to the heart?
How does venous drainage occur Through the azygos system and pericardiophrenic veins.
in the heart?
Which nerves are involved in the The vagus nerve, phrenic nerves, and sympathetic trunks.
innervation of the heart?
What is the structural role of the It anchors valves and cardiac muscle, preserves contraction
cardiac skeleton? efficiency, and electrically isolates atria from ventricles.
What key structures are part of Tendon of conus, left fibrous trigone, right fibrous trigone
the cardiac skeleton?
Tendon of conus links? Aortic and pulmonic annuli
Left fibrous trigone links? Aortic and AV annuli
Right fibrous trigone is? Central fibrous body
Cardiac skeleton is composed of? 4 fibrous annuli
What is the primary function of It serves as a reservoir for the right ventricle.
the right atrium?
What are the blood sources for Superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus.
the right atrium?
What is the role of the right It pumps blood to the pulmonary arteries.
ventricle?
What separates the right atrium The tricuspid valve.
from the right ventricle?
What is the most common cause Endocarditis.
of tricuspid valve replacement
issues?
What is the wall thickness of the 4-5 mm
right ventricle?
What forms the smooth outflow Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
tract from the RV to the
pulmonary artery?
What does the moderator band do? Supports conduction by carrying part of the bundle branch system
It receives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins and acts
What is the function of the left
atrium? as a reservoir and contractile pump.
What effect does atrial kick It increases LVEDV by 20-30%.
have on left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (LVEDV)?
What happens to the atrial kick Loss of atrial kick occurs.
during atrial fibrillation?
What is the significance of It is crucial to maintain blood pressure within a 20% range from
compensating for blood baseline, especially in patients with known hypertension.
pressure in patients with
hypotension?
How does ventricular filling relate In patients with impaired ventricular compliance,
to patients with impaired compensatory mechanisms contribute to ventricular
