Pathophysiology 1 Cumulative Final Exam Key
Points
What is hydropic swelling an Cell injury resulting from Na+-K+ pump dysfunction at the cell membrane.
early indicator of?
What do intracellular A disorder of cellular metabolism.
accumulations of abnormal
particles indicate?
How do chaperone proteins They attempt to refold the protein into its correct shape.
help with abnormal
intracellular protein
accumulation?
What system digests targeted The ubiquitin-proteosome system.
proteins into fragments?
What does adaptive cellular Cellular stress caused by altered functional demand or chronic
response indicate? sublethal injury.
What are the results of Hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
increased functional demand
on cells?
What results from decreased Atrophy.
functional demand or chronic
ischemia?
What are metaplasia and Persistent injury.
dysplasia a result of?
The injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation,
What occurs when necrosis
happens? usually due to disrupted blood supply.
What are local and systemic Pain, elevated serum enzyme levels, inflammation, and loss of function.
indicators of cell death?
What types of necrosis are Heart (coagulative), brain (liquefactive), lung (caseous), pancreas (fat).
associated with different
tissues?
, What is gangrene? A large area of necrosis that may be described as dry, wet, or gas
gangrene.
Cell death resulting from activation of intracellular signaling
What is apoptosis?
cascades that cause cell suicide.
An important cause of cell injury due to poor oxygenation of
What is hypoxia?
the blood or inadequate blood delivery to cells.
Damage to cells when circulation is restored, due to partially
What can reperfusion injury
cause? reduced oxygen molecules.
A common cause of dysfunction and disease, often linked to
What is nutritional injury?
malnutrition or obesity- related disorders.
How can infections cause Some bacteria and viruses damage cells directly, while
cellular damage? others stimulate the immune system to destroy host cells.
What are some chemical and Chemicals can interfere with metabolic processes, while
physical factors that cause physical factors like burns cause direct tissue destruction.
cell injury?
What is the primary cause of Radiolysis of water leading to free radical damage.
radiation- induced cell
death?
What characterizes aging in Aging is distinct from disease, limited by the aging process itself.
relation to disease?
Accumulated DNA damage, decreased proliferative capacity
What are some causes of
cellular aging? of stem cells, and metabolic damage.
What changes occur in body A decrease in functional reserve and reduced ability to adapt
systems with aging? to environmental demands.
What is somatic death? Characterized by the absence of respirations and heartbeat.
What happens to the body after Body temperature falls, fluids collect in dependent areas, and rigor
death? mortis ensues.
What are the four interrelated Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment
topics of pathophysiology? implications.
What does etiology refer to in The study of the proposed cause or causes of a disease process.
pathophysiology?
The proposed mechanisms whereby an etiologic stimulus
What does pathogenesis
describe? leads to clinical manifestations.
Signs and symptoms that typically accompany a particular
What are clinical manifestations?
pathophysiologic process.
What factors can influence the Age, gender, genetic background, geographic area, and time of day.
normality of clinical findings?
What is epidemiology? The study of patterns of disease in human populations.
What variables influence the Age, ethnicity, gender, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and geographic
occurrence and transmission location.
of disease?
Points
What is hydropic swelling an Cell injury resulting from Na+-K+ pump dysfunction at the cell membrane.
early indicator of?
What do intracellular A disorder of cellular metabolism.
accumulations of abnormal
particles indicate?
How do chaperone proteins They attempt to refold the protein into its correct shape.
help with abnormal
intracellular protein
accumulation?
What system digests targeted The ubiquitin-proteosome system.
proteins into fragments?
What does adaptive cellular Cellular stress caused by altered functional demand or chronic
response indicate? sublethal injury.
What are the results of Hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
increased functional demand
on cells?
What results from decreased Atrophy.
functional demand or chronic
ischemia?
What are metaplasia and Persistent injury.
dysplasia a result of?
The injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation,
What occurs when necrosis
happens? usually due to disrupted blood supply.
What are local and systemic Pain, elevated serum enzyme levels, inflammation, and loss of function.
indicators of cell death?
What types of necrosis are Heart (coagulative), brain (liquefactive), lung (caseous), pancreas (fat).
associated with different
tissues?
, What is gangrene? A large area of necrosis that may be described as dry, wet, or gas
gangrene.
Cell death resulting from activation of intracellular signaling
What is apoptosis?
cascades that cause cell suicide.
An important cause of cell injury due to poor oxygenation of
What is hypoxia?
the blood or inadequate blood delivery to cells.
Damage to cells when circulation is restored, due to partially
What can reperfusion injury
cause? reduced oxygen molecules.
A common cause of dysfunction and disease, often linked to
What is nutritional injury?
malnutrition or obesity- related disorders.
How can infections cause Some bacteria and viruses damage cells directly, while
cellular damage? others stimulate the immune system to destroy host cells.
What are some chemical and Chemicals can interfere with metabolic processes, while
physical factors that cause physical factors like burns cause direct tissue destruction.
cell injury?
What is the primary cause of Radiolysis of water leading to free radical damage.
radiation- induced cell
death?
What characterizes aging in Aging is distinct from disease, limited by the aging process itself.
relation to disease?
Accumulated DNA damage, decreased proliferative capacity
What are some causes of
cellular aging? of stem cells, and metabolic damage.
What changes occur in body A decrease in functional reserve and reduced ability to adapt
systems with aging? to environmental demands.
What is somatic death? Characterized by the absence of respirations and heartbeat.
What happens to the body after Body temperature falls, fluids collect in dependent areas, and rigor
death? mortis ensues.
What are the four interrelated Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment
topics of pathophysiology? implications.
What does etiology refer to in The study of the proposed cause or causes of a disease process.
pathophysiology?
The proposed mechanisms whereby an etiologic stimulus
What does pathogenesis
describe? leads to clinical manifestations.
Signs and symptoms that typically accompany a particular
What are clinical manifestations?
pathophysiologic process.
What factors can influence the Age, gender, genetic background, geographic area, and time of day.
normality of clinical findings?
What is epidemiology? The study of patterns of disease in human populations.
What variables influence the Age, ethnicity, gender, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and geographic
occurrence and transmission location.
of disease?
