NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND TEST BANK COMPLETE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Question 1
Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by a reversible change where one
adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, often in response to chronic irritation or
inflammation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another differentiated cell type, commonly seen in epithelial tissues adapting to stress, such as
in the respiratory tract of smokers.
Question 2
A 55-year-old male with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension develops left ventricular
wall thickening without an increase in chamber size. This cellular adaptation is best described
as:
A) Cardiac atrophy
B) Pathological hyperplasia
C) Compensatory hypertrophy
D) Pathological hypertrophy
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Pathological hypertrophy
Rationale: Pathological hypertrophy occurs when cells increase in size in response to abnormal
or chronic stress (like hypertension) leading to increased workload, resulting in organ
enlargement without cell proliferation.
Question 3
Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Genetic mutations
B) Nutritional imbalances
C) Hypoxia
,D) Chemical agents
E) Physical trauma
Correct Answer: C) Hypoxia
Rationale: Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) is the most frequent and fundamentally important cause of
cellular injury because it impairs aerobic respiration, leading to ATP depletion and subsequent
cellular dysfunction and damage.
Question 4
A client with acute kidney injury is experiencing hyperkalemia. Which of the following is the
most life-threatening consequence of hyperkalemia?
A) Muscle weakness
B) Cardiac dysrhythmias
C) Gastrointestinal cramping
D) Paresthesias
E) Oliguria
Correct Answer: B) Cardiac dysrhythmias
Rationale: Severe hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities
and dysrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation and asystole, making it the most critical
concern.
Question 5
In the process of acute inflammation, which chemical mediator is responsible for increasing
vascular permeability and vasodilation, leading to edema and redness?
A) Histamine
B) Prostaglandins
C) Leukotrienes
D) Bradykinin
E) Complement proteins
Correct Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released primarily by mast cells, is a potent vasodilator and increases
vascular permeability, which are key initial events in the inflammatory response, causing
redness and edema.
Question 6
Which of the following types of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the architectural
outline of the dead cells for several days, commonly seen in myocardial infarction?
, A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
E) Coagulative necrosis
Correct Answer: E) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is the most common type, typically caused by ischemia (e.g., in
a myocardial infarction), where the cellular outlines are preserved, but the cells are essentially
ghosts of their former selves.
Question 7
A client presents with a pH of 7.28, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L. This arterial
blood gas (ABG) indicates which acid-base imbalance?
A) Respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated
B) Metabolic acidosis, uncompensated
C) Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
D) Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
E) Respiratory acidosis, partially compensated
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Rationale: The pH is acidic (low), the PaCO2 is high (indicating a respiratory problem), and the
HCO3- is normal (indicating no renal compensation yet).
Question 8
Which of the following is an example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder?
A) Cystic Fibrosis
B) Sickle Cell Anemia
C) Huntington's Disease
D) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
E) Tay-Sachs Disease
Correct Answer: C) Huntington's Disease
Rationale: Huntington's Disease is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning
only one copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the disease.
Question 9
A client with severe burns is at high risk for "third spacing." This refers to:
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Question 1
Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by a reversible change where one
adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, often in response to chronic irritation or
inflammation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another differentiated cell type, commonly seen in epithelial tissues adapting to stress, such as
in the respiratory tract of smokers.
Question 2
A 55-year-old male with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension develops left ventricular
wall thickening without an increase in chamber size. This cellular adaptation is best described
as:
A) Cardiac atrophy
B) Pathological hyperplasia
C) Compensatory hypertrophy
D) Pathological hypertrophy
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Pathological hypertrophy
Rationale: Pathological hypertrophy occurs when cells increase in size in response to abnormal
or chronic stress (like hypertension) leading to increased workload, resulting in organ
enlargement without cell proliferation.
Question 3
Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Genetic mutations
B) Nutritional imbalances
C) Hypoxia
,D) Chemical agents
E) Physical trauma
Correct Answer: C) Hypoxia
Rationale: Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) is the most frequent and fundamentally important cause of
cellular injury because it impairs aerobic respiration, leading to ATP depletion and subsequent
cellular dysfunction and damage.
Question 4
A client with acute kidney injury is experiencing hyperkalemia. Which of the following is the
most life-threatening consequence of hyperkalemia?
A) Muscle weakness
B) Cardiac dysrhythmias
C) Gastrointestinal cramping
D) Paresthesias
E) Oliguria
Correct Answer: B) Cardiac dysrhythmias
Rationale: Severe hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities
and dysrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation and asystole, making it the most critical
concern.
Question 5
In the process of acute inflammation, which chemical mediator is responsible for increasing
vascular permeability and vasodilation, leading to edema and redness?
A) Histamine
B) Prostaglandins
C) Leukotrienes
D) Bradykinin
E) Complement proteins
Correct Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released primarily by mast cells, is a potent vasodilator and increases
vascular permeability, which are key initial events in the inflammatory response, causing
redness and edema.
Question 6
Which of the following types of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the architectural
outline of the dead cells for several days, commonly seen in myocardial infarction?
, A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
E) Coagulative necrosis
Correct Answer: E) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is the most common type, typically caused by ischemia (e.g., in
a myocardial infarction), where the cellular outlines are preserved, but the cells are essentially
ghosts of their former selves.
Question 7
A client presents with a pH of 7.28, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L. This arterial
blood gas (ABG) indicates which acid-base imbalance?
A) Respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated
B) Metabolic acidosis, uncompensated
C) Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
D) Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
E) Respiratory acidosis, partially compensated
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Rationale: The pH is acidic (low), the PaCO2 is high (indicating a respiratory problem), and the
HCO3- is normal (indicating no renal compensation yet).
Question 8
Which of the following is an example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder?
A) Cystic Fibrosis
B) Sickle Cell Anemia
C) Huntington's Disease
D) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
E) Tay-Sachs Disease
Correct Answer: C) Huntington's Disease
Rationale: Huntington's Disease is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning
only one copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the disease.
Question 9
A client with severe burns is at high risk for "third spacing." This refers to:
