NR 503 Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles
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Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain ss ss ss ss ss ss
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a
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ss screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test?
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
What de- termines if a screening test should be used?
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> Determining whether a screening
ss ss ss ss
test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss disease
of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss enough people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so that
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes. The
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s
ss NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMH- SA-HRSA to find a screening
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who do
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss not have the disease.
ss ss ss
1 ss/
ss10
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the purpose? How is it used?
ss ss ss ss ss
, example, all cases
ss ss ss s s range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss prob- lem being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss which groups ss s s of people have the most and least cases.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss population that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss that have high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss clues to the causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss testable hypotheses. ss
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss together to aid evidence-based care? ss ss ss ss
Answer> - helps look at the
ss ss ss ss
cause of the issue or disease process.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss focuses on the person, ss ss ss
ss place, and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss who was sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss ate to determine what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss ondary and tertiary interventions?
ss ss ss
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent
ss ss ss
2 /
the flu from causing an
ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss
ss ss ss ss ss s s illness. A ss
ss10
ss secondary intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s ss ss
,5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss public health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss these data to those who need to know. Passive surveillance involves using
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss data to look at reportable diseases while active involves using individuals
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss population.
6. What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss same) as the cohort study design? ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss higher incidence of disease in the exposed group suggests an association
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss between that factor and the disease outcome. This study design is generally
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss a good choice when dealing with an outbreak in a relatively small, well-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
defined source population, particularly if the disease being studied was fairly
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss investigators identify a group of individuals who had developed the diseasess ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss (the cases) and ss ss
a comparison of individuals who did not
ss
3 /
have the disease of interest. The ss ss ss ss ss
ss
ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss10
ss cases and controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss or more past exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain ss ss ss ss ss ss
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test?
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
What de- termines if a screening test should be used?
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> Determining whether a screening
ss ss ss ss
test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss disease
of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss enough people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so that
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes. The
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s
ss NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMH- SA-HRSA to find a screening
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who do
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss not have the disease.
ss ss ss
1 ss/
ss10
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the purpose? How is it used?
ss ss ss ss ss
, example, all cases
ss ss ss s s range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss prob- lem being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss which groups ss s s of people have the most and least cases.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss population that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss that have high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss clues to the causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss testable hypotheses. ss
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss together to aid evidence-based care? ss ss ss ss
Answer> - helps look at the
ss ss ss ss
cause of the issue or disease process.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss focuses on the person, ss ss ss
ss place, and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss who was sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss ate to determine what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss ondary and tertiary interventions?
ss ss ss
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent
ss ss ss
2 /
the flu from causing an
ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss
ss ss ss ss ss s s illness. A ss
ss10
ss secondary intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s ss ss
,5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss public health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss these data to those who need to know. Passive surveillance involves using
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss data to look at reportable diseases while active involves using individuals
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss population.
6. What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss same) as the cohort study design? ss ss ss ss ss
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss higher incidence of disease in the exposed group suggests an association
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss between that factor and the disease outcome. This study design is generally
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss a good choice when dealing with an outbreak in a relatively small, well-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
defined source population, particularly if the disease being studied was fairly
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss investigators identify a group of individuals who had developed the diseasess ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss (the cases) and ss ss
a comparison of individuals who did not
ss
3 /
have the disease of interest. The ss ss ss ss ss
ss
ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss10
ss cases and controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss or more past exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
