Wilkes NSG 533 Exam 1 Advanced Pharmacology Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

Wilkes NSG 533 Exam 1 Advanced Pharmacology Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct define reperfusion injury - ANSWER -when blood flow is restored to ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) - ANSWER -1. oxidative stress 2. nitrogen-based free radicals 3. increased intracellular calcium 4. inflammation 5. complement activation explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury - ANSWER reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages membrane proteins and phospholipids what four ROS are generated in oxidative stress? - ANSWER -1. Hydroxyl radical 2. superoxide radical ion 3. nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite 4. hydrogen peroxide what happens when nitrogen-based free radicals are formed in reperfusion injury? - ANSWER -further damage to the cell membrane occurs and calcium overloads the mitochondria explain bilirubin - ANSWER -a pigment that is released when RBC break down - pigment is released into the bloodstream as unconjugated bilirubin, which cannot be excreted into the urine -- taken up by the liver cells -- binds to glucuronic acid -- becomes conjugated bilirubin, which can be excreted in the urine two ways bilirubin leaves the liver cells - ANSWER -1. diffusion once bilirubin concentration is high 2. some bilirubin becomes bile -- exits liver cell through hepatic duct/common bile duct, then into the duodenum three issues with hyperbilirubinemia - ANSWER -1. hemolytic jaundice 2. hepatocellular jaundice 3. obstructive jaundice explain hemolytic jaundice - ANSWER -excessive amounts of hemoglobin is broken down, resulting in too much bilirubin in the bloodstream that cannot be delivered to the liver cells signs of hemolytic jaundice - ANSWER -yellow discoloration of the skin and connective tissue explain hepatocellular jaundice - ANSWER -normal amount of bilirubin, however, liver cells do not function at either a) uptake, b) conjugation, or c) excretion explain obstructive jaundice - ANSWER -hepatic/common bile duct is obstructed resulting in conjugated bilirubin accumulating in the liver cell, resulting in more bilirubin diffusing into the bloodstream than normal pyknosis - ANSWER -clumping of the nucleus kayrorrhexis - ANSWER -fragmentation of nuclear material karyolysis - ANSWER -dissolution of nucleus define autophagy - ANSWER -type 2 programmed cell death of "Eating of self" list five types of necrosis - ANSWER -1. liquefactive 2. coagulative 3. caseous 4. fat 5. gangrenous describe liquefactive necrosis - ANSWER -- dead cells transform into a viscous liquid (pus) - commonly the result of hypoxic injury to the CNS and in fungal/bacterial infections describe coagulative necrosis - ANSWER -- dead cells turn into opaque scar tissue - localized area (infarct) describe caseous necrosis - ANSWER -- "cheese like" - commonly seen in granulomas and TB describe fat necrosis - ANSWER -- trauma to high fat areas; lipolysis - common in breasts and pancreas - opaque and chalky white saponification - ANSWER -Process of soap formation in fat necrosis due to lipases breaking down triglycerides -- release fatty acids -- combine with Ca, Mg, and Na ions describe gangrenous necrosis - ANSWER -- usually lower limb or gut with low O2 (anaerobic bacteria) - large areas of tissue death three types of gangrene necrosis - ANSWER -1. dry 2. wet 3. gas describe dry gangrene - ANSWER -- coagulative necrosis - skin is dry, disheveled, and black describe wet gangrene - ANSWER -- secondary to liquefactive necrosis - cold, black, swollen, foul odor describe gas gangrene - ANSWER -- Presence of clostridium - soil-contaminated puncture wounds - bubbles of gas in dead tissue define cell necrosis - ANSWER -- irreversible injury - rapid plasma membrane structure loss - organelle swelling - mitochondrial dysfunction what happens in cell necrosis - ANSWER -- cell membrane is ruptured - leakage of cell contents - ATP is lost - organelles swell - severe mitochondrial damage - local inflammation define apoptosis - ANSWER -programmed cell death; not associated with inflammation