NSG 6330 WEEK 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
WITH ANSWERS |\
What 3 hormonal axes are attributed to most physical changes in
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
adolescents? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1) Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gonadal (HPG) axis |\ |\ |\
2) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3) Growth hormone (GH) axis
|\ |\ |\ |\
What hormones are attributed to Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
GONADAL (HPG) axis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Gonadotropin-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
releasing hormone (GnRH), also called luteinizing hormone-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
releasing hormone (LHRH) |\ |\ |\
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
4. Estrogen
|\ |\
5. Testosterone
|\
What hormones are attributed to Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ADRENAL axis (HPA)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Adrenocorticotropic hormone |\ |\
2. Dehydroepiandrosterone (ACTH)
|\ |\ |\
3. DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S)
|\ |\ |\
,What hormones are attributed to Growth hormone (GH)?axis -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(GHRH) |\
2. Growth hormone (GH)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
|\ |\ |\ |\
What is thought to be three distinct changes in the hypothalamic-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pituitary unit that may trigger puberty? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔three distinct changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(1) a nocturnal sleep-related augmentation of pulsatile LH
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
secretion; |\
(2) a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pituitary to estradiol and testosterone, so that the gonadotropins
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LH and FSH begin to increase; and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(3) in the female, development of a positive feedback system,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
whereby critical levels of estrogen trigger a large release of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
GnRH, stimulating LH to initiate ovulation.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What scale allows for the accurate classification of physical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pubertal maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sexual Maturity
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Rating (SMR) scale (also called the Tanner scale)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Girls major events of puberty - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Thelarche
2. Growth Spurt
|\ |\
3. Menarche
|\
,Thelarche - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Often the earliest physical |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sign of puberty in girls, although a minority develop pubic hair as
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the first sign. On average, breast development starts at age 10.0
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
for Caucasian girls and 8.9 years for African-American girls
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Growth Spurt - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thelarche and pubarche
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(pubic hair) may both be preceded by about 1 year by the growth
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
spurt; thus the growth curve is an essential tool in the evaluation
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
of precocious puberty.
|\ |\ |\
Menarche - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔This event usually occurs |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
during SMR B3 or B4 and about 3.3 years after the growth spurt,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
or roughly 2 years after breast budding.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the average length of time for completion of puberty ? -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔4 years, but it can range from 1.5 to 8 |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years
What is the first physical sign of puberty in the majority of boys ?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Testicular Growth: The first physical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sign of puberty in the majority of boys is increased testicular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
volume, although the most noticeable first event of male puberty
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is the growth of pubic hair
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are other signs of male puberty? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔2. Growth Spurt: Midpuberty, or the time of rising
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
testosterone concentrations, is associated with the period of |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
most rapid linear growth in boys, in contrast to the early growth
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
spurt in girls. It is also at this time that the voice changes axillary
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hair appears, and possibly also acne. Facial hair growth typically
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, starts about 3 years after pubic hair growth. The hair on the face,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
chest, back, and abdomen may continue to appear throughout
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and beyond puberty into adulthood, its amount and distribution
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
being quite variable and dependent on ethnicity and family
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
patterns. |\
3. Attainment of Fertility: Ejaculation usually occurs at SMR G3,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as does the first evidence of spermarche, but fertility is not
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
usually attained until SMR G4. |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the average length of time for completion of puberty for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
boys? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔average length of time for the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
completion of puberty is 3 years, but it can range from 2 to 5 |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years. |\
Genital development is initiated at about 10.1 years for white
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
boys, 9.5 years for African-American boys, and 10.4 years for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Mexican-American boys, with completion of puberty at 15.9 years |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
in white boys, 15.7 years in African-American boys, and 14.9
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years in Mexican-American boys.
|\ |\ |\
Gonadal Steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The target tissues of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LH and FSH are the ovaries and testes, which produce estradiol
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and testosterone, respectively. Testicular Leydig cells also
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
produce androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol, but
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to a much lesser extent.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Estrogen. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Estradiol from the ovary |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
accounts for the majority of the circulating estrogens, although
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
there is a small amount of extraovarian conversion from
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
androstenedione and testosterone. In addition to stimulating |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
breast growth and maturation of the vaginal mucosa, estrogen
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
WITH ANSWERS |\
What 3 hormonal axes are attributed to most physical changes in
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
adolescents? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1) Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gonadal (HPG) axis |\ |\ |\
2) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3) Growth hormone (GH) axis
|\ |\ |\ |\
What hormones are attributed to Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
GONADAL (HPG) axis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Gonadotropin-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
releasing hormone (GnRH), also called luteinizing hormone-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
releasing hormone (LHRH) |\ |\ |\
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
4. Estrogen
|\ |\
5. Testosterone
|\
What hormones are attributed to Hypothalamic-pituitary-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ADRENAL axis (HPA)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Adrenocorticotropic hormone |\ |\
2. Dehydroepiandrosterone (ACTH)
|\ |\ |\
3. DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S)
|\ |\ |\
,What hormones are attributed to Growth hormone (GH)?axis -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(GHRH) |\
2. Growth hormone (GH)
|\ |\ |\ |\
3. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
|\ |\ |\ |\
What is thought to be three distinct changes in the hypothalamic-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pituitary unit that may trigger puberty? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔three distinct changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(1) a nocturnal sleep-related augmentation of pulsatile LH
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
secretion; |\
(2) a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pituitary to estradiol and testosterone, so that the gonadotropins
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LH and FSH begin to increase; and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(3) in the female, development of a positive feedback system,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
whereby critical levels of estrogen trigger a large release of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
GnRH, stimulating LH to initiate ovulation.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What scale allows for the accurate classification of physical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pubertal maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sexual Maturity
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Rating (SMR) scale (also called the Tanner scale)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Girls major events of puberty - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Thelarche
2. Growth Spurt
|\ |\
3. Menarche
|\
,Thelarche - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Often the earliest physical |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sign of puberty in girls, although a minority develop pubic hair as
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the first sign. On average, breast development starts at age 10.0
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
for Caucasian girls and 8.9 years for African-American girls
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Growth Spurt - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thelarche and pubarche
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(pubic hair) may both be preceded by about 1 year by the growth
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
spurt; thus the growth curve is an essential tool in the evaluation
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
of precocious puberty.
|\ |\ |\
Menarche - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔This event usually occurs |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
during SMR B3 or B4 and about 3.3 years after the growth spurt,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
or roughly 2 years after breast budding.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the average length of time for completion of puberty ? -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔4 years, but it can range from 1.5 to 8 |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years
What is the first physical sign of puberty in the majority of boys ?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Testicular Growth: The first physical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sign of puberty in the majority of boys is increased testicular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
volume, although the most noticeable first event of male puberty
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is the growth of pubic hair
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are other signs of male puberty? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔2. Growth Spurt: Midpuberty, or the time of rising
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
testosterone concentrations, is associated with the period of |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
most rapid linear growth in boys, in contrast to the early growth
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
spurt in girls. It is also at this time that the voice changes axillary
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hair appears, and possibly also acne. Facial hair growth typically
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, starts about 3 years after pubic hair growth. The hair on the face,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
chest, back, and abdomen may continue to appear throughout
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and beyond puberty into adulthood, its amount and distribution
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
being quite variable and dependent on ethnicity and family
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
patterns. |\
3. Attainment of Fertility: Ejaculation usually occurs at SMR G3,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as does the first evidence of spermarche, but fertility is not
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
usually attained until SMR G4. |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the average length of time for completion of puberty for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
boys? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔average length of time for the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
completion of puberty is 3 years, but it can range from 2 to 5 |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years. |\
Genital development is initiated at about 10.1 years for white
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
boys, 9.5 years for African-American boys, and 10.4 years for
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Mexican-American boys, with completion of puberty at 15.9 years |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
in white boys, 15.7 years in African-American boys, and 14.9
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
years in Mexican-American boys.
|\ |\ |\
Gonadal Steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The target tissues of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LH and FSH are the ovaries and testes, which produce estradiol
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and testosterone, respectively. Testicular Leydig cells also
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
produce androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol, but
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to a much lesser extent.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Estrogen. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Estradiol from the ovary |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
accounts for the majority of the circulating estrogens, although
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
there is a small amount of extraovarian conversion from
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
androstenedione and testosterone. In addition to stimulating |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
breast growth and maturation of the vaginal mucosa, estrogen
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
