Unit 1
Basic concept of programming language:
Program:
Statements or line or steps written on the basis of the syntax of a particular programming
language are called programs
All instructions are written in some sequence.
No matter what programming language is written in, it is always written in some human
language. therefore, those programming language whose code is written in human
speaking language are also called high level programming language.
EXAMPLE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
printf("hello world");
getch();
Types of programming language
1. High Level Programming Language:
High level programming language are easy to understand and user-friendly
because they are written in human language like English etc.
With the help of high level programming languages, we can write program which
can execute on different platforms (operating system).
Translators are required for high level programming languages because CPU
cannot directly understand the code written in high level language.
High level programming language include C, c++, java, Python, C# etc.
2. Low Level Programming Language:
Low level programming language is also called machine language.
After assembly and machine(binary) languages, the language closest to hardware
are c and c++. Some people also call c and c++ as low level language.
Machine code is called low level programming language because like high level
programming language, it does not require translator, because it is written in
binary language which the CPU understands directly.
It is difficult to write the code in in low level programming language because
binary is difficult to learn.
, Low level programming language executes faster in comparison to high level
programming language, because the CPU can understand the low level
programming directly, but the coding written in high level language is first
converted to binary with the help of a translator and the CPU executes the
converted code.
Note
Another programming language was invented between high level programming
languages and low level programming language which was called assembly
language.it is a symbolic language, in which some symbols are used. Assembly
language do not use operators, control statements (if, while, do while).
Characteristics of programming language
A programming language which is easy to learn and equally easy to write code in
it is considered a good programming language.
The programming language which has good readability is also considered good.
here readability means that if you can understand the code written in a particular
language as well.
Programming language should be portable. Portability means that if the code is
written in one machine is moved to another machine, then the code should
execute properly in other machine also.
A program language should be platform independent, which means that the
application developed in a particular operating system can run on any operating
system.
Programming language is considered good which provide a single tool like editor,
debugger, testing tool for writing code, environment for execution of application
and deploying the application etc.
Those programming language are more famous whose syntax is user friendly.
History of c Language
The creation of programming language began in 1950’s with FORTRAN
(FORMULA TRANSLATION) (1957).
After FORTRAN LANGUAGE another programming language was developed
called ALGOL (ALGOrithmic language) (1960).
The foundation of C is considered to be BCPL (BASIC COMBINED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE) by Martin Richards in year 1967.
After the failure of BCPL in 1969, Ken Thompson picked up the B character from
BPCL and developed a new programming language called B language.
In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the C programming language at AT &T bells
laboratories to re develop Unix operating system.
In 1989-90, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) adopted the c language
and published it under the name “ANSI-C”
, Features of C Language
1. Procedural Language
In a procedural language like C step by step, predefined instructions are carried out. C program
may contain more than one function to perform a particular task. New people to programming
will think that this is the only way a particular programming language works. There are other
programming paradigms as well in the programming world. Most of the commonly used
paradigm is an object-oriented programming language.
2. Fast and Efficient
Newer languages like Java, python offer more features than c programming language but due
to additional processing in these languages, their performance rate gets down effectively. C
programming language as the middle-level language provides programmers access to direct
manipulation with the computer hardware but higher-level languages do not allow this. That’s
one of the reasons C language is considered the first choice to start learning programming
languages. It’s fast because statically typed languages are faster than dynamically typed
languages.
3. Modularity
Basic concept of programming language:
Program:
Statements or line or steps written on the basis of the syntax of a particular programming
language are called programs
All instructions are written in some sequence.
No matter what programming language is written in, it is always written in some human
language. therefore, those programming language whose code is written in human
speaking language are also called high level programming language.
EXAMPLE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
printf("hello world");
getch();
Types of programming language
1. High Level Programming Language:
High level programming language are easy to understand and user-friendly
because they are written in human language like English etc.
With the help of high level programming languages, we can write program which
can execute on different platforms (operating system).
Translators are required for high level programming languages because CPU
cannot directly understand the code written in high level language.
High level programming language include C, c++, java, Python, C# etc.
2. Low Level Programming Language:
Low level programming language is also called machine language.
After assembly and machine(binary) languages, the language closest to hardware
are c and c++. Some people also call c and c++ as low level language.
Machine code is called low level programming language because like high level
programming language, it does not require translator, because it is written in
binary language which the CPU understands directly.
It is difficult to write the code in in low level programming language because
binary is difficult to learn.
, Low level programming language executes faster in comparison to high level
programming language, because the CPU can understand the low level
programming directly, but the coding written in high level language is first
converted to binary with the help of a translator and the CPU executes the
converted code.
Note
Another programming language was invented between high level programming
languages and low level programming language which was called assembly
language.it is a symbolic language, in which some symbols are used. Assembly
language do not use operators, control statements (if, while, do while).
Characteristics of programming language
A programming language which is easy to learn and equally easy to write code in
it is considered a good programming language.
The programming language which has good readability is also considered good.
here readability means that if you can understand the code written in a particular
language as well.
Programming language should be portable. Portability means that if the code is
written in one machine is moved to another machine, then the code should
execute properly in other machine also.
A program language should be platform independent, which means that the
application developed in a particular operating system can run on any operating
system.
Programming language is considered good which provide a single tool like editor,
debugger, testing tool for writing code, environment for execution of application
and deploying the application etc.
Those programming language are more famous whose syntax is user friendly.
History of c Language
The creation of programming language began in 1950’s with FORTRAN
(FORMULA TRANSLATION) (1957).
After FORTRAN LANGUAGE another programming language was developed
called ALGOL (ALGOrithmic language) (1960).
The foundation of C is considered to be BCPL (BASIC COMBINED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE) by Martin Richards in year 1967.
After the failure of BCPL in 1969, Ken Thompson picked up the B character from
BPCL and developed a new programming language called B language.
In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the C programming language at AT &T bells
laboratories to re develop Unix operating system.
In 1989-90, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) adopted the c language
and published it under the name “ANSI-C”
, Features of C Language
1. Procedural Language
In a procedural language like C step by step, predefined instructions are carried out. C program
may contain more than one function to perform a particular task. New people to programming
will think that this is the only way a particular programming language works. There are other
programming paradigms as well in the programming world. Most of the commonly used
paradigm is an object-oriented programming language.
2. Fast and Efficient
Newer languages like Java, python offer more features than c programming language but due
to additional processing in these languages, their performance rate gets down effectively. C
programming language as the middle-level language provides programmers access to direct
manipulation with the computer hardware but higher-level languages do not allow this. That’s
one of the reasons C language is considered the first choice to start learning programming
languages. It’s fast because statically typed languages are faster than dynamically typed
languages.
3. Modularity
