Psychology 225 Final Exam Questions
and Verified Answers 100%
1. What are men's and women's reaction to stress? - ✔✔Women tend to seek social support
from friends.
Men are more likely to be aggressive or withdraw.
2. Defense mechanisms- Know the definitions and for use
with scenario questions: - ✔✔1. Denial, Repression, Reaction
2. Regression, Projection, and Rationalization
3. Compensation, Displacement, Sublimation.
Defense Mechanism: - ✔✔Defined by Freud as the unrealistic strategies used by the ego to
discharge tension.
Denial: - ✔✔1. Refusing to accept or believe an unpleasant reality.
2. One of the most basic defenses is denial (protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by
refusing to accept it, believe it, or perceive it). We are prone to deny death, illness, and similar
painful and threatening events. For instance, if you were told that you had only 3 months to
live, how would you react? Your first thoughts might be, "Aw, come on, someone must have
mixed up the X-rays," or, "The doctor must be mistaken," or simply, "It can't be true!" Similar
denial and disbelief are common reactions to the unexpected death of a friend or relative: "It's
just not real. I don't believe it!"
Repression - ✔✔1). When painful memories, anxieties, and so on are held out of our
awareness.
2). Freud noticed that his patients had tremendous difficulty recalling shocking or traumatic
events from childhood. It seemed that powerful forces were holding these painful memories
from awareness. Freud called this repression, and said we use it to protect ourselves by
blocking out threatening thoughts and impulses. Feelings of hostility toward a family member,
,the names of people we dislike, and past failures are common targets of repression. Research
suggests that you are most likely to repress information that threatens your self-image.
Reaction Formation: - ✔✔1). Reaction Formation- Impulses are repressed and the opposite
behavior is exaggerated.
2). In a reaction formation, impulses are not just repressed; they are also held in check by
exaggerating opposite behavior. For example, a mother who unconsciously resents her children
may, through reaction formation, become absurdly overprotective and overindulgent. Her real
thoughts of "I hate them" and "I wish they were gone" are replaced by "I love them" and "I
don't know what I would do without them." The mother's hostile impulses are traded for
"smother" love, so that she won't have to admit she hates her children. Thus, the basic idea in a
reaction formation is that the individual acts out an opposite behavior to block threatening
impulses or feelings.
Regression: - ✔✔1). Returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.
2). Regression In its broadest meaning, regression refers to any return to earlier, less
demanding situations or habits. Most parents who have a second child have to put up with at
least some regression by the older child. Threatened by a new rival for affection, an older child
may regress to childish speech, bed-wetting, or infantile play after the new baby arrives. If
you've ever seen a child get homesick at summer camp or on a vacation, you've observed
regression. The child wants to go home, where it's "safe." An adult who throws a temper
tantrum or a married adult who "goes home to mother" is also regressing.
Projection: - ✔✔1). When one's own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable traits and
impulses are seen in others.
2). Projection is an unconscious process that protects us from the anxiety we would feel if we
were to discern our faults. A person who is projecting tends to see his or her own feelings,
shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses in others. Projection lowers anxiety by exaggerating
negative traits in others. This justifies one's own actions and directs attention away from
personal failings. One of your authors once worked for a greedy shop owner who cheated many
of his customers. This same man considered himself a pillar of the community and very moral
, and religious. How did he justify to himself his greed and dishonesty? He believed that
everyone who entered his store was bent on cheating him any way they could. In reality, few, if
any, of his customers shared his motives, but he projected his own greed and dishonesty onto
them.
Rationalization: - ✔✔1). Justifying personal actions by giving "rational" but false reasons for
them.
2). Every teacher is familiar with this strange phenomenon: On the day of an exam, an
incredible wave of disasters sweeps through the city. Mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, aunts,
uncles, grandparents, friends, relatives, and pets of students become ill or die. Motors suddenly
fall out of cars. Books are lost or stolen. Alarm clocks go belly-up and ring no more. All manner
of computer equipment malfunctions. The making of excuses comes from a natural tendency to
explain our behavior. Rationalization refers to justifying personal actions by giving "rational"
but false reasons for them. When the explanation you give for your behavior is reasonable and
convincing— but not the real reason—you are rationalizing. For example, Mee Jung failed to
turn in an assignment made at the beginning of the semester in one of her classes. Here's the
explanation she gave her professor: My car broke down 2 days ago, and I couldn't get to the
library until yesterday. Then I couldn't get all the books I needed because some were checked
out, but I wrote what I could. Then last night, as the last straw, the ink cartridge in my printer
ran out, and since all the stores were closed, I couldn't finish the paper on time. When asked
why she left the assignment until the last minute (the real reason it was late), Mee Jung offered
another set of rationalizations. Like many people, Mee Jung had difficulty seeing herself
without the protection of her rationalizations. All the defense mechanisms described seem
pretty undesirable. Do they have a positive side? People who overuse defense mechanisms
become less adaptable, because they consume great amounts of emotional energy to control
anxiety and maintain an unrealistic self-image. Defense mechanisms do have value, thou
Compensation: - ✔✔1). Defenses against feelings of inferiority(real or imagined).
2). Compensatory reactions are defenses against feelings of inferiority. A person who has a
defect or weakness (real or imagined) may go to unusual lengths to overcome the weakness or
to compensate for it by excelling in other areas. One of the pioneers of "pumping iron" is Jack
LaLanne, who opened the first modern health club in America. LaLanne made a successful
career out of bodybuilding in spite of the fact that he was thin and sickly as a young man. Or
perhaps it would be more accurate to say because he was thin and sickly. You can find dozens
and Verified Answers 100%
1. What are men's and women's reaction to stress? - ✔✔Women tend to seek social support
from friends.
Men are more likely to be aggressive or withdraw.
2. Defense mechanisms- Know the definitions and for use
with scenario questions: - ✔✔1. Denial, Repression, Reaction
2. Regression, Projection, and Rationalization
3. Compensation, Displacement, Sublimation.
Defense Mechanism: - ✔✔Defined by Freud as the unrealistic strategies used by the ego to
discharge tension.
Denial: - ✔✔1. Refusing to accept or believe an unpleasant reality.
2. One of the most basic defenses is denial (protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by
refusing to accept it, believe it, or perceive it). We are prone to deny death, illness, and similar
painful and threatening events. For instance, if you were told that you had only 3 months to
live, how would you react? Your first thoughts might be, "Aw, come on, someone must have
mixed up the X-rays," or, "The doctor must be mistaken," or simply, "It can't be true!" Similar
denial and disbelief are common reactions to the unexpected death of a friend or relative: "It's
just not real. I don't believe it!"
Repression - ✔✔1). When painful memories, anxieties, and so on are held out of our
awareness.
2). Freud noticed that his patients had tremendous difficulty recalling shocking or traumatic
events from childhood. It seemed that powerful forces were holding these painful memories
from awareness. Freud called this repression, and said we use it to protect ourselves by
blocking out threatening thoughts and impulses. Feelings of hostility toward a family member,
,the names of people we dislike, and past failures are common targets of repression. Research
suggests that you are most likely to repress information that threatens your self-image.
Reaction Formation: - ✔✔1). Reaction Formation- Impulses are repressed and the opposite
behavior is exaggerated.
2). In a reaction formation, impulses are not just repressed; they are also held in check by
exaggerating opposite behavior. For example, a mother who unconsciously resents her children
may, through reaction formation, become absurdly overprotective and overindulgent. Her real
thoughts of "I hate them" and "I wish they were gone" are replaced by "I love them" and "I
don't know what I would do without them." The mother's hostile impulses are traded for
"smother" love, so that she won't have to admit she hates her children. Thus, the basic idea in a
reaction formation is that the individual acts out an opposite behavior to block threatening
impulses or feelings.
Regression: - ✔✔1). Returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.
2). Regression In its broadest meaning, regression refers to any return to earlier, less
demanding situations or habits. Most parents who have a second child have to put up with at
least some regression by the older child. Threatened by a new rival for affection, an older child
may regress to childish speech, bed-wetting, or infantile play after the new baby arrives. If
you've ever seen a child get homesick at summer camp or on a vacation, you've observed
regression. The child wants to go home, where it's "safe." An adult who throws a temper
tantrum or a married adult who "goes home to mother" is also regressing.
Projection: - ✔✔1). When one's own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable traits and
impulses are seen in others.
2). Projection is an unconscious process that protects us from the anxiety we would feel if we
were to discern our faults. A person who is projecting tends to see his or her own feelings,
shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses in others. Projection lowers anxiety by exaggerating
negative traits in others. This justifies one's own actions and directs attention away from
personal failings. One of your authors once worked for a greedy shop owner who cheated many
of his customers. This same man considered himself a pillar of the community and very moral
, and religious. How did he justify to himself his greed and dishonesty? He believed that
everyone who entered his store was bent on cheating him any way they could. In reality, few, if
any, of his customers shared his motives, but he projected his own greed and dishonesty onto
them.
Rationalization: - ✔✔1). Justifying personal actions by giving "rational" but false reasons for
them.
2). Every teacher is familiar with this strange phenomenon: On the day of an exam, an
incredible wave of disasters sweeps through the city. Mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, aunts,
uncles, grandparents, friends, relatives, and pets of students become ill or die. Motors suddenly
fall out of cars. Books are lost or stolen. Alarm clocks go belly-up and ring no more. All manner
of computer equipment malfunctions. The making of excuses comes from a natural tendency to
explain our behavior. Rationalization refers to justifying personal actions by giving "rational"
but false reasons for them. When the explanation you give for your behavior is reasonable and
convincing— but not the real reason—you are rationalizing. For example, Mee Jung failed to
turn in an assignment made at the beginning of the semester in one of her classes. Here's the
explanation she gave her professor: My car broke down 2 days ago, and I couldn't get to the
library until yesterday. Then I couldn't get all the books I needed because some were checked
out, but I wrote what I could. Then last night, as the last straw, the ink cartridge in my printer
ran out, and since all the stores were closed, I couldn't finish the paper on time. When asked
why she left the assignment until the last minute (the real reason it was late), Mee Jung offered
another set of rationalizations. Like many people, Mee Jung had difficulty seeing herself
without the protection of her rationalizations. All the defense mechanisms described seem
pretty undesirable. Do they have a positive side? People who overuse defense mechanisms
become less adaptable, because they consume great amounts of emotional energy to control
anxiety and maintain an unrealistic self-image. Defense mechanisms do have value, thou
Compensation: - ✔✔1). Defenses against feelings of inferiority(real or imagined).
2). Compensatory reactions are defenses against feelings of inferiority. A person who has a
defect or weakness (real or imagined) may go to unusual lengths to overcome the weakness or
to compensate for it by excelling in other areas. One of the pioneers of "pumping iron" is Jack
LaLanne, who opened the first modern health club in America. LaLanne made a successful
career out of bodybuilding in spite of the fact that he was thin and sickly as a young man. Or
perhaps it would be more accurate to say because he was thin and sickly. You can find dozens
