Biochemistry
Study Guide
Authored by a Biochemistry Professor
CARBOHYDRATES:
STRUCTURE & METABOLISM
,High-Yield Biochemistry Study Guide
For Doctors and Medical Students
Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan, Department of Medical
Biochemistry
Copyright © 2025
This book was prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan. All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the author.
Disclaimer
This study guide has been prepared solely for educational and
academic purposes. The content is based on standard medical
textbooks and is not intended to replace clinical judgment or
professional medical advice. Students are advised to consult
qualified healthcare professionals in real clinical settings.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues, fellow
academics, and especially my students, whose curiosity and
dedication to learning have been a constant source of motivation.
, T A B L E O F
Contents
Carbohydrates – Structure
1 Monosaccharides
Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides
4
8
Digestion and Absorption 10
Glucose Transport into Cells 12
Carbohydrates – Metabolism
2 Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
13
28
Gluconeogenesis 35
Glycogen Metabolism 43
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway 50
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans 56
Glycoproteins 62
Metabolism of Monosaccharides and 65
Disaccharides
Multiple Choice Questions 70
Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 75
, 4
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
The simplest carbohydrates,
classified by the number of carbon
atoms and the nature of their
carbonyl group (aldehyde or
ketone).
Carbohydrates with an aldehyde
group are called aldoses, while
those with a ketone group are called
GENERAL ketoses
The suffix “ose” is added to the end
Carbohydrates are organic of carbohydrates with a free
molecules with the general carbonyl group. The suffix “ulose” is
formula (CH 2 O) n . added to the end of ketoses (with
some exceptions, such as fructose)
They are classified based
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
on the number of sugar ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
units.
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
ACCORDING TO THEIR CARBON ATOM
NUMBERS
Study Guide
Authored by a Biochemistry Professor
CARBOHYDRATES:
STRUCTURE & METABOLISM
,High-Yield Biochemistry Study Guide
For Doctors and Medical Students
Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan, Department of Medical
Biochemistry
Copyright © 2025
This book was prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan. All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the author.
Disclaimer
This study guide has been prepared solely for educational and
academic purposes. The content is based on standard medical
textbooks and is not intended to replace clinical judgment or
professional medical advice. Students are advised to consult
qualified healthcare professionals in real clinical settings.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues, fellow
academics, and especially my students, whose curiosity and
dedication to learning have been a constant source of motivation.
, T A B L E O F
Contents
Carbohydrates – Structure
1 Monosaccharides
Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides
4
8
Digestion and Absorption 10
Glucose Transport into Cells 12
Carbohydrates – Metabolism
2 Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
13
28
Gluconeogenesis 35
Glycogen Metabolism 43
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway 50
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans 56
Glycoproteins 62
Metabolism of Monosaccharides and 65
Disaccharides
Multiple Choice Questions 70
Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 75
, 4
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
The simplest carbohydrates,
classified by the number of carbon
atoms and the nature of their
carbonyl group (aldehyde or
ketone).
Carbohydrates with an aldehyde
group are called aldoses, while
those with a ketone group are called
GENERAL ketoses
The suffix “ose” is added to the end
Carbohydrates are organic of carbohydrates with a free
molecules with the general carbonyl group. The suffix “ulose” is
formula (CH 2 O) n . added to the end of ketoses (with
some exceptions, such as fructose)
They are classified based
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
on the number of sugar ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
units.
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
ACCORDING TO THEIR CARBON ATOM
NUMBERS
