BIMM 100 Midterm #1 Review
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What are some applications of CRISPR-Cas9? - correct answer ✔✔ - Brewing hoppy beer w/out
hops by adding mint & basil genes --> also more sustainable b/c uses less water
- Gene-mediated knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 to suppress Malaria --> CRISPR turns
heterozygote mosquitos into homozygotes so altered malaria trait cannot be continuously
inherited
- Gene excision of CAG tract which results in huntington's disease --> does so by programming
RNA to precisely excise specific CAG chains and replace w/ appropriate base pairs
- Gene editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes --> has the ability to re-engineer entire human
genome BUT VERY CONTROVERSIAL as can change human gene pool forever generations down
the line (i.e.Forced Evolution)
What is the definition of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔✔ The study of biology on a
molecular level including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically important
molecules such as DNA, RNA, and Proteins.
What is The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔✔ - DNA Replication: The
process of DNA -> DNA through the use of DNA Polymerase
- Transcription: The process of DNA -> RNA through the use of RNA Polymerase
- Translation: The process of RNA -> Protein through the use of Ribosomes
What are Proteins, RNA, and DNA composed of? - correct answer ✔✔ - Proteins: Polymers of 20
or more amino acids
- DNA: Polymers of four deoxyribonucleotides (A,C,G,T)
- RNA: Polymers of four ribonucleotides (A,C,G,U).
, Is Genetic material transferable between bacteria? - correct answer ✔✔ - Yes as this was proved
through a mouse study where a heat-killed virulent strain of bacteria was injected into one
mouse alone and another mouse was injected w/ the heat-killed virulent strain mixed with the
nonvirulent alive strain. It was seen that the mouse injected with both died while the mouse
injected with only the heat-killed pathogenic strain survived, showing that heat-killed strains
can transfer their genetic material to turn non-virulent strains into virulent ones.
Are there any organisms that don't use DNA as their Genetic Material? - correct answer ✔✔
Yes, some viruses use RNA as genetic material (i.e. HIV)
What were the Hypotheses , Procedure, and Conclusion of the Hershey & Chase Experiment? -
correct answer ✔✔ - The DNA Hypothesis was that viral genes consist of DNA while the Protein
hypothesis was that they consisted of proteins.
- They labeled viral DNA and proteins radioactively and then infected bacteria w/ them, then
agitating their cultures and finally centrifuging their solutions to determine which radioactive
material would be inside the centrifuged pellet and thus would be the genetic material. -->
Radioactively labeled DNA ended up in the pellet, proteins ended up in solution (outer casing of
viral genes)
What are the Processes of the Central Dogma? - correct answer ✔✔ - Replication is DNA into
DNA through the use of DNA Polymerase
- Transcription is DNA into RNA through the use of RNA Polymerase while Reverse Transcription
is RNA into DNA using Reverse Transcriptase
- RNA Replication is RNA into RNA using RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases
- Translation is RNA into Proteins through the use of Ribosomes & RNA
What is the chemical structure of a nucleotide, DNA, & RNA? - correct answer ✔✔ - Nucleotides
are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and base group.
- DNA is composed of four Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine),
Phosphoric acid, and a 2' Deoxyribose sugar
questions with verified answers rated
A+
What are some applications of CRISPR-Cas9? - correct answer ✔✔ - Brewing hoppy beer w/out
hops by adding mint & basil genes --> also more sustainable b/c uses less water
- Gene-mediated knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 to suppress Malaria --> CRISPR turns
heterozygote mosquitos into homozygotes so altered malaria trait cannot be continuously
inherited
- Gene excision of CAG tract which results in huntington's disease --> does so by programming
RNA to precisely excise specific CAG chains and replace w/ appropriate base pairs
- Gene editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes --> has the ability to re-engineer entire human
genome BUT VERY CONTROVERSIAL as can change human gene pool forever generations down
the line (i.e.Forced Evolution)
What is the definition of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔✔ The study of biology on a
molecular level including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically important
molecules such as DNA, RNA, and Proteins.
What is The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔✔ - DNA Replication: The
process of DNA -> DNA through the use of DNA Polymerase
- Transcription: The process of DNA -> RNA through the use of RNA Polymerase
- Translation: The process of RNA -> Protein through the use of Ribosomes
What are Proteins, RNA, and DNA composed of? - correct answer ✔✔ - Proteins: Polymers of 20
or more amino acids
- DNA: Polymers of four deoxyribonucleotides (A,C,G,T)
- RNA: Polymers of four ribonucleotides (A,C,G,U).
, Is Genetic material transferable between bacteria? - correct answer ✔✔ - Yes as this was proved
through a mouse study where a heat-killed virulent strain of bacteria was injected into one
mouse alone and another mouse was injected w/ the heat-killed virulent strain mixed with the
nonvirulent alive strain. It was seen that the mouse injected with both died while the mouse
injected with only the heat-killed pathogenic strain survived, showing that heat-killed strains
can transfer their genetic material to turn non-virulent strains into virulent ones.
Are there any organisms that don't use DNA as their Genetic Material? - correct answer ✔✔
Yes, some viruses use RNA as genetic material (i.e. HIV)
What were the Hypotheses , Procedure, and Conclusion of the Hershey & Chase Experiment? -
correct answer ✔✔ - The DNA Hypothesis was that viral genes consist of DNA while the Protein
hypothesis was that they consisted of proteins.
- They labeled viral DNA and proteins radioactively and then infected bacteria w/ them, then
agitating their cultures and finally centrifuging their solutions to determine which radioactive
material would be inside the centrifuged pellet and thus would be the genetic material. -->
Radioactively labeled DNA ended up in the pellet, proteins ended up in solution (outer casing of
viral genes)
What are the Processes of the Central Dogma? - correct answer ✔✔ - Replication is DNA into
DNA through the use of DNA Polymerase
- Transcription is DNA into RNA through the use of RNA Polymerase while Reverse Transcription
is RNA into DNA using Reverse Transcriptase
- RNA Replication is RNA into RNA using RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases
- Translation is RNA into Proteins through the use of Ribosomes & RNA
What is the chemical structure of a nucleotide, DNA, & RNA? - correct answer ✔✔ - Nucleotides
are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and base group.
- DNA is composed of four Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine),
Phosphoric acid, and a 2' Deoxyribose sugar
