PSY 120 Exam #3 Study Guide
questions n answers rated A+
retrieval cue: help in the process of recovering previously stored memories (ex. pencil, notes,
coffee all things at a lecture) - correct answer ✔✔ retrieval cue
testing condition in which a person is asked to remember info without explicit retrieval cues -
correct answer ✔✔ free recall
testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember -
correct answer ✔✔ cued recall
using a cue that matches the retrieval cues given for the encoded memory (ex. wagon bank,
instead of piggy bank) -- memory = context dependent - correct answer ✔✔ encoding-retrieval
match
idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental
processes during testing that he or she used during encoding (ex. tugboat picture vs what
rhymes with "tug") - correct answer ✔✔ transfer-appropriate processing
an organized knowledge structure in LTM (ex. college students sleep late, listen to loud music)
(add details to a larger generic framework) - correct answer ✔✔ schema
add details to a larger generic framework
-added "angry" to word list because it fit the theme
,-thought you had cereal 2 weeks ago bc that was routine - correct answer ✔✔ How can
schema-based remembering lead to false memories?
-different word choice impacts memory
-word gives person schema for the event
-the more people repeat these memories, the more certain they become, even if distorted -
correct answer ✔✔ What do Elizabeth Loftus experiments demonstrate about schema-based
remembering
wording of questions can guide well-intentioned people in one direction or the other - correct
answer ✔✔ misinformation effect
-when people are given a lineup, they think they have to pick someone from it, even if the
suspect isn't there
-once the victim picks the person, they begin to re-picture the innocent, picked suspect in their
memory
-when they get feedback that they're "right" it further affirms their decision
-eye witness recognition should be done with non-leading questions, immediately after crime,
and unbiasedly
-better to give witness series of pictures presented one by one - correct answer ✔✔ Think
about the Robert Cotton case. Understand how and why eyewitness testimony memories can
get distorted, yet people can remain so confident they are accurate. What happens when
people are presented with a lineup and asked if they see the suspect in the lineup? (hint: they
compare all the people in the lineup to their memory and try to find the person that BEST
matches their memory out of everyone in the line. But what if the real criminal isn't there?).
After somebody picks somebody out of a lineup, is it easy for the face of the person they
"picked" to now appear in their memory instead of the real perpetrator? Is it particularly easy
for people to become confident in this new memory if they receive feedback that indicates they
probably picked "right"? How should eye witness recognition probably be done? Think about
who should conduct the witness interviews, whether witnesses should see lineups or a series of
ind
, remembering that occurs without conscious awareness or willful intent - correct answer ✔✔
implicit explicit memory
conscious, willful remembering - correct answer ✔✔ explicit memory
recently learned material interferes with ability to remember some older material ("home
address") - correct answer ✔✔ retroactive interference
older material interferes with ability to remember similar, more recently learned material (ex.
English > Portuguese) - correct answer ✔✔ proactive interference
argued by Freud as a defense mechanism that people use (unknowingly) to push threatening
thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness - correct answer ✔✔ repression
-forgetting is "cue dependent"
-memories fade with passage of time in accordance with "law of use" --> decay - correct answer
✔✔ theories of why we "forget".
memories decay over TIME (applies mostly to STM and sensory memory) - correct answer ✔✔
decay
inability to recall old memories (less common) - correct answer ✔✔ retrograde amnesia
inability to learn new memories (more common) - correct answer ✔✔ anterograde amnesia
language not only shapes how we think, but also how we perceive the world (ex. African's
cannot tell difference between green and blue) - correct answer ✔✔ linguistic relativity
hypothesis
questions n answers rated A+
retrieval cue: help in the process of recovering previously stored memories (ex. pencil, notes,
coffee all things at a lecture) - correct answer ✔✔ retrieval cue
testing condition in which a person is asked to remember info without explicit retrieval cues -
correct answer ✔✔ free recall
testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember -
correct answer ✔✔ cued recall
using a cue that matches the retrieval cues given for the encoded memory (ex. wagon bank,
instead of piggy bank) -- memory = context dependent - correct answer ✔✔ encoding-retrieval
match
idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental
processes during testing that he or she used during encoding (ex. tugboat picture vs what
rhymes with "tug") - correct answer ✔✔ transfer-appropriate processing
an organized knowledge structure in LTM (ex. college students sleep late, listen to loud music)
(add details to a larger generic framework) - correct answer ✔✔ schema
add details to a larger generic framework
-added "angry" to word list because it fit the theme
,-thought you had cereal 2 weeks ago bc that was routine - correct answer ✔✔ How can
schema-based remembering lead to false memories?
-different word choice impacts memory
-word gives person schema for the event
-the more people repeat these memories, the more certain they become, even if distorted -
correct answer ✔✔ What do Elizabeth Loftus experiments demonstrate about schema-based
remembering
wording of questions can guide well-intentioned people in one direction or the other - correct
answer ✔✔ misinformation effect
-when people are given a lineup, they think they have to pick someone from it, even if the
suspect isn't there
-once the victim picks the person, they begin to re-picture the innocent, picked suspect in their
memory
-when they get feedback that they're "right" it further affirms their decision
-eye witness recognition should be done with non-leading questions, immediately after crime,
and unbiasedly
-better to give witness series of pictures presented one by one - correct answer ✔✔ Think
about the Robert Cotton case. Understand how and why eyewitness testimony memories can
get distorted, yet people can remain so confident they are accurate. What happens when
people are presented with a lineup and asked if they see the suspect in the lineup? (hint: they
compare all the people in the lineup to their memory and try to find the person that BEST
matches their memory out of everyone in the line. But what if the real criminal isn't there?).
After somebody picks somebody out of a lineup, is it easy for the face of the person they
"picked" to now appear in their memory instead of the real perpetrator? Is it particularly easy
for people to become confident in this new memory if they receive feedback that indicates they
probably picked "right"? How should eye witness recognition probably be done? Think about
who should conduct the witness interviews, whether witnesses should see lineups or a series of
ind
, remembering that occurs without conscious awareness or willful intent - correct answer ✔✔
implicit explicit memory
conscious, willful remembering - correct answer ✔✔ explicit memory
recently learned material interferes with ability to remember some older material ("home
address") - correct answer ✔✔ retroactive interference
older material interferes with ability to remember similar, more recently learned material (ex.
English > Portuguese) - correct answer ✔✔ proactive interference
argued by Freud as a defense mechanism that people use (unknowingly) to push threatening
thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness - correct answer ✔✔ repression
-forgetting is "cue dependent"
-memories fade with passage of time in accordance with "law of use" --> decay - correct answer
✔✔ theories of why we "forget".
memories decay over TIME (applies mostly to STM and sensory memory) - correct answer ✔✔
decay
inability to recall old memories (less common) - correct answer ✔✔ retrograde amnesia
inability to learn new memories (more common) - correct answer ✔✔ anterograde amnesia
language not only shapes how we think, but also how we perceive the world (ex. African's
cannot tell difference between green and blue) - correct answer ✔✔ linguistic relativity
hypothesis
