MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
1. Ngāi Tahu versions of separation and the creation of first humans.: In the Ngāi Tahu
tradition, the separation of Ranginui (the sky father) and Papatūānuku (the earth mother) was initiated by Tānemahuta,
who pushed them apart to allow light into the world. This act brought about Te Ao Mārama (the world of light). In their
version, Tāne also created the first human, Hineahuone, from the sacred red clay of Kurawaka. He breathed life into
her, and she later became the mother of Hine-tītama, who would transform into Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of death.
In Ngāi Tahu creation stories, the separation of Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatūānuku (Earth Mother) is a central
event, leading to the creation of the world of light and life.
Tāne, the god of forests, played a pivotal role in this separation, and the first humans, including Tiki and Hine-ahu-one,
are often said to have emerged from the land after the separation.
Papatūānuku is initally married to Takaroa, who goes to bury their child's placenta.
2. Ngāti Kahungunu version of the creation of first humans.: According to Ngāti Kahun-
gunu, Tāne-mahuta formed the first woman, Hineahuone (meaning "earth-formed woman"), from the earth. She and
Tāne had a daughter, Hine-tītama. Upon discovering that Tāne was her father, Hine-tītama fled to the underworld and
became Hine-nui-te-pō. Tāne, in this tradition, is also the creator of human life and the one who separated Rangi and
Papa, emphasising his role in both the physical and spiritual realms.
Tāne and his brothers seek to raise descendants in the world of light and try to find the female element (uha/uwha).
Tāne is instructed on how to create the female form from the earth at Kurawaka, the puke (mon pubis) of Papatūānuku.
Discovers reproduction for life.
3. The roles/realms of different atua from the Te Arawa version of separation.: In
the Te Arawa version, various atua (deities) were involved in the separation of Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatūānuku
(Earth Mother):
Tānemahuta: Atua of forests and birds, who successfully separated his parents and brought light into the world.
Tūmatauenga: Atua of war and people, who opposed Tāne's decision but later took revenge on his brothers by using
their domains (e.g., hunting birds, cultivating food).
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
Tangaroa: Atua of the sea, whose descendants include fish, sea creatures and reptiles.
Rongomātāne: Atua of cultivated foods and peace (sweet potato).
Haumia-tiketike: Atua of wild or uncultivated food like ferns.
Rūaumoko: Atua of earthquakes and volcanoes, who remained in Papatūānuku's womb and causes natural disruptions.
These atua represent the natural and spiritual forces in Māori cosmology and are tied to specific realms and responsi-
bilities that shape the Māori worldview.
4. Definitions of tikanga Māori cultural concepts: Tikanga derives from the root word 'tika', which
means correct, right, appropriate and fair.
Tikanga is the set of beliefs associated with practices and procedures to be followed in conducting the affairs of a group
or individual.
Without people to uphold tikanga, values and meanings have little consequence.
Tikanga originates from mātauranga Māori as transmitted through the creation narratives.
It provides, guidelines, practices, protocols, correct way to behave and perform ceremonial procedures.
Made up of a number of cultural concepts.
Governing concepts of tikanga are: whanaungatanga, manaakitanga and aroha.
It changes to accommodate a changing society.
Tikanga Māori is procedural knowledge, which is the practice of the ideas, beliefs and knowledge of mātauranga Māori.
+ Customary practices.
5. Whakapapa: Genealogy, lineage, descent
It indicates and describes networks and relationships defined through descent and through kinship.
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
'Papa' - layer or layering
One generation is layered upon the another.
Whakapapa is also a Māori theory that explains structure, process, systems, relationships and complementarities, such
as between male and female; te ao mārama (living, enlightenment) and te pō (darkness, potentiality); tapu and noa;
mana and manaaki.
6. Whanaungatanga: Whānau - give birth, be born, family.
Hāpu - pregnant, sub-clan/sub-tribe
Iwi - bones, people, tribe
Relationships
7. Manaakitanga: Care, support, hospitality, kindness, generosity.
"Encourages people to make decisions and behaviour that shows the most care, is generous of spirit and ultimately
aims to provide the best outcomes for all concerned" (Mead, 2003).
Guiding principle for everyone.
Not always warm, but a correction dealt with care and kindness in mind.
Is an extension of its root base 'manaaki'.
It is the nuturing and fostering of relationships by the care and support shown to groups or individuals.
8. Aroha: To love, compassion, sympathy, empathy and concern for others.
Love
Compassion
Empathy
Sympathy
Concern for others
Maintain and fostering relationships
9. Tapu: Sacred, set apart, special, restricted
Within people, places and objects
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
Associated with the atua and the spiritual world
Is layered
'is the sacred state or condition in which a person, place or thing is set aside by dedication to the gods and thereby
removed from profane use' (Marsden, 1992:125).
Not just sacred, so much more than that.
Types of Tapu:
Intrinsic tapu
Comes from the atua associated with a specific realm, e.g. the intrinsic tapu of the trees and forests descend from
Tāne-mahuta.
Extrinsic tapu
Or extension of tapu
Can be applied and removed
For the safety and wellbeing of people
Rāhui (a certain restriction put on a place/ area or activity)
10. Noa: Free from restrictions
Neutral state
Balance
Agents of noa: karakia, food, water and wahine
Whakanoa
Compliments tapu to create balance
To be free of restriction, or in a balanced, safe, optimum-operating state of tapu, is to be in a state of noa.
Necessary for survival and aims for a result in positive wellbeing through the assertion of equilibrium.
The agents that effect a noa state on tapu asserted by people mainly comprise food, water, karakia and women.
Mana, tapu and noa work as complementary parts of a system that maintains and supports itself, thereby allowing
balance in the environment, temporary or permanent.
Ensures the wellbeing of the environment, the community and the individual.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
1. Ngāi Tahu versions of separation and the creation of first humans.: In the Ngāi Tahu
tradition, the separation of Ranginui (the sky father) and Papatūānuku (the earth mother) was initiated by Tānemahuta,
who pushed them apart to allow light into the world. This act brought about Te Ao Mārama (the world of light). In their
version, Tāne also created the first human, Hineahuone, from the sacred red clay of Kurawaka. He breathed life into
her, and she later became the mother of Hine-tītama, who would transform into Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of death.
In Ngāi Tahu creation stories, the separation of Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatūānuku (Earth Mother) is a central
event, leading to the creation of the world of light and life.
Tāne, the god of forests, played a pivotal role in this separation, and the first humans, including Tiki and Hine-ahu-one,
are often said to have emerged from the land after the separation.
Papatūānuku is initally married to Takaroa, who goes to bury their child's placenta.
2. Ngāti Kahungunu version of the creation of first humans.: According to Ngāti Kahun-
gunu, Tāne-mahuta formed the first woman, Hineahuone (meaning "earth-formed woman"), from the earth. She and
Tāne had a daughter, Hine-tītama. Upon discovering that Tāne was her father, Hine-tītama fled to the underworld and
became Hine-nui-te-pō. Tāne, in this tradition, is also the creator of human life and the one who separated Rangi and
Papa, emphasising his role in both the physical and spiritual realms.
Tāne and his brothers seek to raise descendants in the world of light and try to find the female element (uha/uwha).
Tāne is instructed on how to create the female form from the earth at Kurawaka, the puke (mon pubis) of Papatūānuku.
Discovers reproduction for life.
3. The roles/realms of different atua from the Te Arawa version of separation.: In
the Te Arawa version, various atua (deities) were involved in the separation of Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatūānuku
(Earth Mother):
Tānemahuta: Atua of forests and birds, who successfully separated his parents and brought light into the world.
Tūmatauenga: Atua of war and people, who opposed Tāne's decision but later took revenge on his brothers by using
their domains (e.g., hunting birds, cultivating food).
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
Tangaroa: Atua of the sea, whose descendants include fish, sea creatures and reptiles.
Rongomātāne: Atua of cultivated foods and peace (sweet potato).
Haumia-tiketike: Atua of wild or uncultivated food like ferns.
Rūaumoko: Atua of earthquakes and volcanoes, who remained in Papatūānuku's womb and causes natural disruptions.
These atua represent the natural and spiritual forces in Māori cosmology and are tied to specific realms and responsi-
bilities that shape the Māori worldview.
4. Definitions of tikanga Māori cultural concepts: Tikanga derives from the root word 'tika', which
means correct, right, appropriate and fair.
Tikanga is the set of beliefs associated with practices and procedures to be followed in conducting the affairs of a group
or individual.
Without people to uphold tikanga, values and meanings have little consequence.
Tikanga originates from mātauranga Māori as transmitted through the creation narratives.
It provides, guidelines, practices, protocols, correct way to behave and perform ceremonial procedures.
Made up of a number of cultural concepts.
Governing concepts of tikanga are: whanaungatanga, manaakitanga and aroha.
It changes to accommodate a changing society.
Tikanga Māori is procedural knowledge, which is the practice of the ideas, beliefs and knowledge of mātauranga Māori.
+ Customary practices.
5. Whakapapa: Genealogy, lineage, descent
It indicates and describes networks and relationships defined through descent and through kinship.
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
'Papa' - layer or layering
One generation is layered upon the another.
Whakapapa is also a Māori theory that explains structure, process, systems, relationships and complementarities, such
as between male and female; te ao mārama (living, enlightenment) and te pō (darkness, potentiality); tapu and noa;
mana and manaaki.
6. Whanaungatanga: Whānau - give birth, be born, family.
Hāpu - pregnant, sub-clan/sub-tribe
Iwi - bones, people, tribe
Relationships
7. Manaakitanga: Care, support, hospitality, kindness, generosity.
"Encourages people to make decisions and behaviour that shows the most care, is generous of spirit and ultimately
aims to provide the best outcomes for all concerned" (Mead, 2003).
Guiding principle for everyone.
Not always warm, but a correction dealt with care and kindness in mind.
Is an extension of its root base 'manaaki'.
It is the nuturing and fostering of relationships by the care and support shown to groups or individuals.
8. Aroha: To love, compassion, sympathy, empathy and concern for others.
Love
Compassion
Empathy
Sympathy
Concern for others
Maintain and fostering relationships
9. Tapu: Sacred, set apart, special, restricted
Within people, places and objects
, MAOR102 Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hd6vjc
Associated with the atua and the spiritual world
Is layered
'is the sacred state or condition in which a person, place or thing is set aside by dedication to the gods and thereby
removed from profane use' (Marsden, 1992:125).
Not just sacred, so much more than that.
Types of Tapu:
Intrinsic tapu
Comes from the atua associated with a specific realm, e.g. the intrinsic tapu of the trees and forests descend from
Tāne-mahuta.
Extrinsic tapu
Or extension of tapu
Can be applied and removed
For the safety and wellbeing of people
Rāhui (a certain restriction put on a place/ area or activity)
10. Noa: Free from restrictions
Neutral state
Balance
Agents of noa: karakia, food, water and wahine
Whakanoa
Compliments tapu to create balance
To be free of restriction, or in a balanced, safe, optimum-operating state of tapu, is to be in a state of noa.
Necessary for survival and aims for a result in positive wellbeing through the assertion of equilibrium.
The agents that effect a noa state on tapu asserted by people mainly comprise food, water, karakia and women.
Mana, tapu and noa work as complementary parts of a system that maintains and supports itself, thereby allowing
balance in the environment, temporary or permanent.
Ensures the wellbeing of the environment, the community and the individual.
