New Zealand CPL Human Factors
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
1. Define professionalism.: the competence or skill expected of a professional.
2. Distinguish between piloting for personal reasons and for hire or reward.: Pi-
loting for hire or reward you make more than the portion of the aircraft rental used by your passengers
3. List the people to whom a pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her
duties.: Passengers, Other Crew, ATC, Caa, Flying instructors, Management
4. Describe key features of good and safe airmanship.: Personality, Its controversial but a
stable extrovert has been suggested as ideal.
Interacting With other crew, ATC, Passengers, and technology in a leadership role. The ability to "get on" with other
people. Getting the Best out of your Crew.
Thinking Ahead.
Instilling Competence
Consistency, dependable, flexible, Safe, Knowledgeable, Who flies accurately, Never flying Dangerously.
Confidence But not over confident, Reliable, Good decision making, do the job, keep out of trouble.
5. List the common causes of fatal accidents for commercial pilots in New
Zealand.: In aviation, it has been found that pilots generally believe that their chances of an
accident are below average, whilst their flying skills are above average (Wichman &
Ball, 1983). Similar to findings in the area of health behaviour, higher unrealistic
optimism scores were found to be associated with decisions to continue on a simulated
flight into deteriorating weather conditions, rather than to turn back (O'Hare, 1990).
This is believed to be one of the most common causes of fatal accidents in general
aviation (NTSB, 1987).
6. Describe the current New Zealand accident rates in comparison with other
foremost aviation nations in specific categories.: 4-6 accidents/100000 hours flown
Lower Accident rates
7. State the approximate proportion of aircraft accidents and incidents com-
monly attributed to human performance errors.: about 70%
8. Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context.: The part of aviation
that has to be done by a human
9. Describe the fundamentals of the SHEL Model in relation to the interaction of
humans with other humans, hardware, information sources and the environ-
ment.: • Software (e.g., maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals,
checklist layout, etc.)
, New Zealand CPL Human Factors
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
• Hardware (e.g., tools, test equipment, the physical structure of
aircraft, design of flight decks, positioning and operating sense of
controls and instruments, etc.)
• Environment (e.g., physical environment such as conditions in the
hangar, conditions on the line, etc. and work environment such as
work patterns, management structures, public perception of the
industry, etc.)
• Liveware (i.e., the person or people at the center of the model,
including maintenance technicians, supervisors, planners,
managers, etc.)
10. Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety
in flight operations in commercial aviation.: create a safety culture, "A set of beliefs, norms,
attitudes, roles and social and technical practices
concerned with minimizing exposure of employees, managers, customers and
members of the general public to conditions considered dangerous or hazardous"
11. Describe the importance of an effective human factors programme in a
commercial operation.:
12. DECIDE
Identify common decision-making models used in aviation training (DECIDE,
SADIE etc) and explain their application.: D=Detect a change
E= Estimate its significance
C= Choose A safe Outcome
I= Identify Plausible actions and their risks
D=Do the best Option
E= Evaluate the effects of the action
13. Identify and describe slips, lapses, mistakes and violations.: A slip Is when a pilot
moves to carry out some form of action, but carries it out incorrectly.
A mistake Is when the pilot moves to carry out some action, but the action is incorrect.
14. State the gases that make up the atmosphere.: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other
15. State the percentage of each gas in the atmosphere.:
16. Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases.: Pressure decreases by
1HPA/30 Ft
, New Zealand CPL Human Factors
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
17. Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude increases.: -
Oxygen is regulated by haemoglobin,no significant drop in bloodstream oxygen occurs until 10000 ft. However the
brain will not work as efficiently from 5000 to 8000 ft.
18. Define hypoxia.: not enough oxygen to the brain.
19. State the partial pressure of oxygen both inside and outside the lungs at sea
level.: 200 HPA =150 mm HG at sea level
Inside Lings its 135 Hpa =102 mm HG
20. Explain the mechanical effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on oxygen
transfer in the lungs.: Lungs also carry a higher content of CO2 and water vapour which reduces the
concentration.
21. Explain the causes of hypoxia.: Lack of oxygen in longs leading to a drop in haemoglobin
22. 34.10.10 Describe the primary physiological and behavioural consequences
of hypoxia for flight crew and passengers.: Affects Brain High Centres Such as thinking, reasoning,
Memory, Judgement, decision Making, and personality. Vision is also ferry sensitive to oxygen availability.
23. 34.10.12 Describe the common symptoms of hypoxia.: Can include Fuzziness or thick
feeling in the brain, A general slowness of thought, poor lack of judgement, a poor or failing memory, clumsiness,
an un-natural feeling of euphoria. Mental Fixation on unimportant tasks. Visual Changes including a loss of visual
sharpness, Dimming, Tunnel Vision, and reduced colour vision. Pilot will also tend to take deep sighs and breath more
quickly.
24. 34.10.14 Explain the reasons hypoxia symptoms are difficult to detect.: Because
the brain is not working properly, it may take the pilot some time to realize that all is not well.
25. 34.10.18 Describe how hypoxia can be prevented.: Early recognition by putting a person
in an oxygen chamber so that they can realize their own symptoms.
26. 34.10.20 List the main factors influencing variation in hypoxia onset (toler-
ance) between individuals.: Anemai, and a chest infection, drug use, smoking could induce factors early.
Physical effort, cold temperatures, fatiuge.
27. 34.10.22 State the factors that affect the likelihood of suffering from hypox-
ia.:
28. 34.10.24 Describe how hypoxia can be treated.: supply oxygen or descend below 10000ft
29. 34.10.26 Define the concept of 'time of useful consciousness'.: Time when the pilot
is concious and still able to react to resolve the situation.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
1. Define professionalism.: the competence or skill expected of a professional.
2. Distinguish between piloting for personal reasons and for hire or reward.: Pi-
loting for hire or reward you make more than the portion of the aircraft rental used by your passengers
3. List the people to whom a pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her
duties.: Passengers, Other Crew, ATC, Caa, Flying instructors, Management
4. Describe key features of good and safe airmanship.: Personality, Its controversial but a
stable extrovert has been suggested as ideal.
Interacting With other crew, ATC, Passengers, and technology in a leadership role. The ability to "get on" with other
people. Getting the Best out of your Crew.
Thinking Ahead.
Instilling Competence
Consistency, dependable, flexible, Safe, Knowledgeable, Who flies accurately, Never flying Dangerously.
Confidence But not over confident, Reliable, Good decision making, do the job, keep out of trouble.
5. List the common causes of fatal accidents for commercial pilots in New
Zealand.: In aviation, it has been found that pilots generally believe that their chances of an
accident are below average, whilst their flying skills are above average (Wichman &
Ball, 1983). Similar to findings in the area of health behaviour, higher unrealistic
optimism scores were found to be associated with decisions to continue on a simulated
flight into deteriorating weather conditions, rather than to turn back (O'Hare, 1990).
This is believed to be one of the most common causes of fatal accidents in general
aviation (NTSB, 1987).
6. Describe the current New Zealand accident rates in comparison with other
foremost aviation nations in specific categories.: 4-6 accidents/100000 hours flown
Lower Accident rates
7. State the approximate proportion of aircraft accidents and incidents com-
monly attributed to human performance errors.: about 70%
8. Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context.: The part of aviation
that has to be done by a human
9. Describe the fundamentals of the SHEL Model in relation to the interaction of
humans with other humans, hardware, information sources and the environ-
ment.: • Software (e.g., maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals,
checklist layout, etc.)
, New Zealand CPL Human Factors
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
• Hardware (e.g., tools, test equipment, the physical structure of
aircraft, design of flight decks, positioning and operating sense of
controls and instruments, etc.)
• Environment (e.g., physical environment such as conditions in the
hangar, conditions on the line, etc. and work environment such as
work patterns, management structures, public perception of the
industry, etc.)
• Liveware (i.e., the person or people at the center of the model,
including maintenance technicians, supervisors, planners,
managers, etc.)
10. Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety
in flight operations in commercial aviation.: create a safety culture, "A set of beliefs, norms,
attitudes, roles and social and technical practices
concerned with minimizing exposure of employees, managers, customers and
members of the general public to conditions considered dangerous or hazardous"
11. Describe the importance of an effective human factors programme in a
commercial operation.:
12. DECIDE
Identify common decision-making models used in aviation training (DECIDE,
SADIE etc) and explain their application.: D=Detect a change
E= Estimate its significance
C= Choose A safe Outcome
I= Identify Plausible actions and their risks
D=Do the best Option
E= Evaluate the effects of the action
13. Identify and describe slips, lapses, mistakes and violations.: A slip Is when a pilot
moves to carry out some form of action, but carries it out incorrectly.
A mistake Is when the pilot moves to carry out some action, but the action is incorrect.
14. State the gases that make up the atmosphere.: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other
15. State the percentage of each gas in the atmosphere.:
16. Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases.: Pressure decreases by
1HPA/30 Ft
, New Zealand CPL Human Factors
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_1dx67f
17. Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude increases.: -
Oxygen is regulated by haemoglobin,no significant drop in bloodstream oxygen occurs until 10000 ft. However the
brain will not work as efficiently from 5000 to 8000 ft.
18. Define hypoxia.: not enough oxygen to the brain.
19. State the partial pressure of oxygen both inside and outside the lungs at sea
level.: 200 HPA =150 mm HG at sea level
Inside Lings its 135 Hpa =102 mm HG
20. Explain the mechanical effect of the partial pressure of oxygen on oxygen
transfer in the lungs.: Lungs also carry a higher content of CO2 and water vapour which reduces the
concentration.
21. Explain the causes of hypoxia.: Lack of oxygen in longs leading to a drop in haemoglobin
22. 34.10.10 Describe the primary physiological and behavioural consequences
of hypoxia for flight crew and passengers.: Affects Brain High Centres Such as thinking, reasoning,
Memory, Judgement, decision Making, and personality. Vision is also ferry sensitive to oxygen availability.
23. 34.10.12 Describe the common symptoms of hypoxia.: Can include Fuzziness or thick
feeling in the brain, A general slowness of thought, poor lack of judgement, a poor or failing memory, clumsiness,
an un-natural feeling of euphoria. Mental Fixation on unimportant tasks. Visual Changes including a loss of visual
sharpness, Dimming, Tunnel Vision, and reduced colour vision. Pilot will also tend to take deep sighs and breath more
quickly.
24. 34.10.14 Explain the reasons hypoxia symptoms are difficult to detect.: Because
the brain is not working properly, it may take the pilot some time to realize that all is not well.
25. 34.10.18 Describe how hypoxia can be prevented.: Early recognition by putting a person
in an oxygen chamber so that they can realize their own symptoms.
26. 34.10.20 List the main factors influencing variation in hypoxia onset (toler-
ance) between individuals.: Anemai, and a chest infection, drug use, smoking could induce factors early.
Physical effort, cold temperatures, fatiuge.
27. 34.10.22 State the factors that affect the likelihood of suffering from hypox-
ia.:
28. 34.10.24 Describe how hypoxia can be treated.: supply oxygen or descend below 10000ft
29. 34.10.26 Define the concept of 'time of useful consciousness'.: Time when the pilot
is concious and still able to react to resolve the situation.
