SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
Aircraft Propulsion
and
Gas Turbine Engines
by
Ahmed El-Sayed
86898.indd 1 8/14/08 10:25:48
, CHAPTER 1
History and Classifications of Aero-engines
1.1 Since the first flight of Wright brothers in 1903 and until now, endless
developments in aircraft and engine industries have been achieved. It is required to
identify some milestones in such a long journey by listing the FIRST engines of the
following categories:
Turbojet engine, turbojet engine with afterburner, turbofan engine, supersonic
turbofan engine, high bypass ratio turbofan engine, turboprop engine and prop
fan engine.
Solution
A- Turbojet Engine
Turbojet engines are the simplest and oldest jet engines. Two engineers, Frank Whittle in
the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept
independently during the late 1930s.
German inventor von Ohain
On 27 August 1939 the German aircraft Heinkel He 178 became the world's first aircraft
to fly powered by a single turbojet engine HeS3 having a thrust force of 4.4 kN (992 lbf)
invented by von Ohain.
Parts :
1-Intake 2-Centrifugal compressor 3-Annular combustion chambers
4-Axial turbine 5-Nozzle
,Developments to the HeS3 engines resulted in HeS 3b having the properties:
Dimensions: 1.48 m long, 0.93 m diameter
Weight: 360 kg
Thrust: 4.4 kN at 13,000 rpm and speed 800 km/h
Compression ratio: 2.8:1
Specific fuel consumption: 2.16 gal/(lb·h) [18.0 L/(kg·h)]
British inventor Frank Whittle
Concerning the British inventor Frank Whittle, his first engine W.1-powered the aircraft
Gloster E.28/39 on May 15, 1941, which took off from Cranwell at 7.40 pm, flying for
seventeen minutes and reaching a maximum speed of around 545 km/h (340 mph).
Within days it was reaching 600 km/h (370 mph) at 7,600 meters.
, W-2B engine
A newer design known as the W.2 was next started. The W.2B passed its first 100 hour
test at full performance of 725 kgf (7.11 kN) on May, 7, 1943. The prototype
Meteor airframe was already complete and took to the air on June 12, 1943.
Production versions started rolling off the line in October, first known as the
W.2B/23, then the RB.23 (for Rolls-Barnoldswick) and eventually the Whittle W-2/700
Rolls-Royce Welland. Barnoldswick was too small for full-scale production and turned
back into a pure research facility under Hooker, while a new factory was set up in
Newcastle-under-Lyme. The W.2B/26, as the Rolls-Royce Derwent, opened the new line
and soon replaced the Welland, allowing the production lines at Barnoldswick to shut
down in late 1944.
Aircraft Propulsion
and
Gas Turbine Engines
by
Ahmed El-Sayed
86898.indd 1 8/14/08 10:25:48
, CHAPTER 1
History and Classifications of Aero-engines
1.1 Since the first flight of Wright brothers in 1903 and until now, endless
developments in aircraft and engine industries have been achieved. It is required to
identify some milestones in such a long journey by listing the FIRST engines of the
following categories:
Turbojet engine, turbojet engine with afterburner, turbofan engine, supersonic
turbofan engine, high bypass ratio turbofan engine, turboprop engine and prop
fan engine.
Solution
A- Turbojet Engine
Turbojet engines are the simplest and oldest jet engines. Two engineers, Frank Whittle in
the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept
independently during the late 1930s.
German inventor von Ohain
On 27 August 1939 the German aircraft Heinkel He 178 became the world's first aircraft
to fly powered by a single turbojet engine HeS3 having a thrust force of 4.4 kN (992 lbf)
invented by von Ohain.
Parts :
1-Intake 2-Centrifugal compressor 3-Annular combustion chambers
4-Axial turbine 5-Nozzle
,Developments to the HeS3 engines resulted in HeS 3b having the properties:
Dimensions: 1.48 m long, 0.93 m diameter
Weight: 360 kg
Thrust: 4.4 kN at 13,000 rpm and speed 800 km/h
Compression ratio: 2.8:1
Specific fuel consumption: 2.16 gal/(lb·h) [18.0 L/(kg·h)]
British inventor Frank Whittle
Concerning the British inventor Frank Whittle, his first engine W.1-powered the aircraft
Gloster E.28/39 on May 15, 1941, which took off from Cranwell at 7.40 pm, flying for
seventeen minutes and reaching a maximum speed of around 545 km/h (340 mph).
Within days it was reaching 600 km/h (370 mph) at 7,600 meters.
, W-2B engine
A newer design known as the W.2 was next started. The W.2B passed its first 100 hour
test at full performance of 725 kgf (7.11 kN) on May, 7, 1943. The prototype
Meteor airframe was already complete and took to the air on June 12, 1943.
Production versions started rolling off the line in October, first known as the
W.2B/23, then the RB.23 (for Rolls-Barnoldswick) and eventually the Whittle W-2/700
Rolls-Royce Welland. Barnoldswick was too small for full-scale production and turned
back into a pure research facility under Hooker, while a new factory was set up in
Newcastle-under-Lyme. The W.2B/26, as the Rolls-Royce Derwent, opened the new line
and soon replaced the Welland, allowing the production lines at Barnoldswick to shut
down in late 1944.
