1
NUR 131 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ Q AND
ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Endosteum
a delicate connective tissue membrane that lines the internal surfaces of bones
Bone Marrow
a spongy tissue found inside bones that is responsible for producing blood cells
Osteoprogenitor Cell (Stem Cell)
undifferentiated stem cells that can develop into osteoblasts.
Bone
made of connective tissue, containing cells, ground substance, and fibres. The
provide support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral
storage.
Types of Bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Characteristics of Bone (surrounding structure, characteristics, cells, matrix)
Surrounding Structure: Periosteum
Characteristics: Blood vessels and nerves throughout
Cells: Osteocytes in lacunae, osteoclasts
, 2
Matrix: Rigid due to calcium salts, made by osteoblasts
Compact (cortical) Bone
robust and heavy bony structure that forms the diaphysis of long bones.
Spongey (cancellous) Bone
soft and smooth bony structure that forms the epiphysis of long bone.
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the
surfaces of the joint
Osteoblast (Martix-synthesizing Cell)
responsible for bone growth by synthesising and secreting the unmineralised bone
matrix (osteoid).
Osteocyte (Mature Bone Cell)
monitors and maintains the mineralised bone matrix. These cells are trapped in
lacunae within the bone matrix.
Osteoclast (Bone-reabsorbing Cell)
responsible for bone resorption.
Ostoen (Haversian system)
the structral unit of compact bone.
Lamellae
concentric rings of bone matrix around the central canal. They are made up of
collagen fibres.
Lacunae
small cavities located at the junctions of the lamellae, containing osteocytes.
Function of the Synovial Joint
, 3
to enable movement and provide stability to the skeletal system.
Elements of Synovial Joint
1. Articular cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to
synovial joints
3. Articular (joint) capsule: two layers thick (external fibrous layer, inner synovial
membrane)
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
Plane joint: intercarpal joints
Hinge joint: elbow
Pivot joint: neck
Condylar joint: wrist
Saddle joint: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
Ball and Socket joint: hip
Movements (flexion)
decrease the angle of the joint (bending the elbow)
Movements (extension)
increases the angle of joint (straightening the elbow)
Movements (abduction)
movement away from the midline of the body (raising arm/ leg laterally)
Movements (adduction)
movement towards the midline of the body (lowering arm/ leg laterally)
Movements (circumduction)
circular movement (moving arm in a circle)
NUR 131 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ Q AND
ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Endosteum
a delicate connective tissue membrane that lines the internal surfaces of bones
Bone Marrow
a spongy tissue found inside bones that is responsible for producing blood cells
Osteoprogenitor Cell (Stem Cell)
undifferentiated stem cells that can develop into osteoblasts.
Bone
made of connective tissue, containing cells, ground substance, and fibres. The
provide support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral
storage.
Types of Bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Characteristics of Bone (surrounding structure, characteristics, cells, matrix)
Surrounding Structure: Periosteum
Characteristics: Blood vessels and nerves throughout
Cells: Osteocytes in lacunae, osteoclasts
, 2
Matrix: Rigid due to calcium salts, made by osteoblasts
Compact (cortical) Bone
robust and heavy bony structure that forms the diaphysis of long bones.
Spongey (cancellous) Bone
soft and smooth bony structure that forms the epiphysis of long bone.
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the
surfaces of the joint
Osteoblast (Martix-synthesizing Cell)
responsible for bone growth by synthesising and secreting the unmineralised bone
matrix (osteoid).
Osteocyte (Mature Bone Cell)
monitors and maintains the mineralised bone matrix. These cells are trapped in
lacunae within the bone matrix.
Osteoclast (Bone-reabsorbing Cell)
responsible for bone resorption.
Ostoen (Haversian system)
the structral unit of compact bone.
Lamellae
concentric rings of bone matrix around the central canal. They are made up of
collagen fibres.
Lacunae
small cavities located at the junctions of the lamellae, containing osteocytes.
Function of the Synovial Joint
, 3
to enable movement and provide stability to the skeletal system.
Elements of Synovial Joint
1. Articular cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to
synovial joints
3. Articular (joint) capsule: two layers thick (external fibrous layer, inner synovial
membrane)
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
Plane joint: intercarpal joints
Hinge joint: elbow
Pivot joint: neck
Condylar joint: wrist
Saddle joint: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
Ball and Socket joint: hip
Movements (flexion)
decrease the angle of the joint (bending the elbow)
Movements (extension)
increases the angle of joint (straightening the elbow)
Movements (abduction)
movement away from the midline of the body (raising arm/ leg laterally)
Movements (adduction)
movement towards the midline of the body (lowering arm/ leg laterally)
Movements (circumduction)
circular movement (moving arm in a circle)
