, TESTBANK FOR Research Methods for Criminal
Justice and Criminology 9th Edition by Michael G.
Maxfield
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
1. We live in a world of two realities: empirical and agreement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. The keystone of inquiry is observation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. We can understand something by knowing the why before the what.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
6. The tendency to overgeneralize is probably greatest when there is an absence of pressure to reach a
judgement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. Inquiry is hindered when we depend on the authority of experts who are speaking outside their realm of
expertise.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. The four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. The National Criminal Justice Reference Service was established in 1972 to
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends.
b. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems.
c. archive and distribute research reports to criminal justice professionals.
d. solely provide grant opportunities.
ANSWER: c
10. The role of the Bureau of Justice Statistics is to
a. collect and disseminate criminal justice statistics, including information about crime and
victims of crime.
b. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends.
c. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems.
d. solely provide grant opportunities.
ANSWER: a
11. We live in a world of two realities known as
a. expressed and assumed.
b. experiential and agreement.
c. expressed and agreement.
d. experiential and assumed.
ANSWER: b
12. Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?
a. Agreement
b. Expressed
c. Assumed
d. Experiential
ANSWER: d
13. Things we consider real because we’ve been told they are real is an example of
a. agreement reality.
b. expressed reality.
c. assumed reality.
d. experiential reality.
ANSWER: a
14. A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice
represents
a. known reality.
b. expressed reality.
c. empirical reality.
d. experiential reality.
ANSWER: d
15. Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. known reality.
b. agreement reality.
c. experiential reality.
d. assumed reality.
ANSWER: b
16. Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven’t personally
experienced. These types are
a. epistemological and methodological.
b. logical and hard facts.
c. logical and empirical.
d. hard facts and complete data.
ANSWER: c
17. What is the science of knowing?
a. Methodology
b. Entomology
c. Modality
d. Epistemology
ANSWER: d
18. What method is known as the science of finding out?
a. Epistemology
b. Methodology
c. Observations
d. Data gathering
ANSWER: a
19. Which two questions does human inquiry attempt to answer?
a. Where and when
b. Who and why
c. How and when
d. What and why
ANSWER: d
20. Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular
a. assumptions.
b. patterns.
c. educated guesses.
d. past experiences.
ANSWER: b
21. Acceptance of knowledge that others give us is known as
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. authority.
b. tradition.
c. agreement reality.
d. understanding.
ANSWER: c
22. When we rely on the “truths” of our culture, we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority,
and this is called acceptance of
a. traditions.
b. myths.
c. reality.
d. agreement.
ANSWER: a
23. As we learn about the world around us, we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what
other sources of knowledge do we rely on?
a. Tradition and authority
b. Exploration and description
c. Surveys and observations
d. Aggregate data and survey data
ANSWER: a
24. When we trust the judgments of people who have received special training, such as a doctor or a
lawyer, we are accepting their
a. wisdom.
b. expertise.
c. authority.
d. word.
ANSWER: c
25. When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us, which of the following is
most likely?
a. The resulting information is always correct.
b. The information can both help inquiry and hinder it.
c. The resulting information is always wrong.
d. You can never know if the information you gather is correct.
ANSWER: b
26. Selective observation can be the result of
a. replication.
b. illogical reasoning.
c. ideology and politics.
d. overgeneralization.
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
27. Criminologist Samuel Walker compared ideological bias in criminal justice research to theology by
stating
a. “Faith is never a consideration.”
b. “Faith triumphs over facts.”
c. “Faith can coexist with facts.”
d. “Faith is always defeated by facts.”
ANSWER: b
28. Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the
criminal justice system?
a. Eyewitness testimony
b. Police officers on a stake-out
c. The state witnesses at an execution
d. Correction officers watching a potentially suicidal prisoner
ANSWER: a
29. When there is pressure to reach a general understanding, there is a tendency toward
a. overgeneralization.
b. inaccurate observations.
c. illogical reasoning.
d. miscalculation.
ANSWER: a
30. When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing
a. too much work.
b. following the pattern.
c. replication.
d. theoretical repetition.
ANSWER: c
31. Overgeneralization can lead to misunderstanding and
a. justification.
b. simplification.
c. complication.
d. replication.
ANSWER: a
32. If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of
why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don’t fit. This is
a. inaccurate observation.
b. overgeneralization.
c. illogical reasoning.
d. selective observation.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
ANSWER: d
33. During observation, if you choose to follow “the exception that proves the rule,” you have made what
error?
a. Inaccurate observation
b. Overgeneralization
c. Illogical reasoning
d. Selective observation
ANSWER: c
34. According to the text, illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following?
a. The weather has been good all month, so this weekend the weather will be good enough to go
to the beach.
b. I have lost at gambling for hours now, so if I just pay a little longer, I will win back what I
have lost.
c. On my way to work, I always ease through the stop sign at the corner of the school’s parking
lot, and as I have never been hit there, I will continue to do that.
d. The last two exams were easy, so there is no need for me to study for this exam.
ANSWER: b
35. The point where scientific observation differs from our casual human inquiry is that it is
a. a directed activity.
b. a subconscious activity.
c. a formal activity.
d. an informal activity.
ANSWER: a
36. Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner:
a. Crime should not be used as a political issue.
b. Ideological or political views on criminal justice issues can undermine objectivity.
c. There is no political nature to the study of crime.
d. There are no ideological issues in the study of crime.
ANSWER: b
37. Statisticians refer to “Gambler’s fallacy” as this type of reasoning:
a. Analytical
b. Logical
c. Irrational
d. Rational
ANSWER: c
38. What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise?
a. Theory, data collection, selective observation
b. Theory, data collection, data analysis
c. Data collection, data analysis, funding
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
d. Theory, data analysis, funding
ANSWER: b
39. Social science cannot settle debates on
a. facts.
b. observations.
c. logic.
d. values.
ANSWER: d
40. Who said, “Unthinking respect of authority is the enemy of truth”?
a. Albert Einstein
b. Samuel Walker
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Nancy La Vigne
ANSWER: a
41. Which of the following explicitly addresses causality and probability and offers techniques for
managing them?
a. Science
b. Faith
c. Human inquiry
d. Nature
ANSWER: a
42. Concrete steps that are used to measure specific procedure are referred to as
a. operationalization.
b. observations.
c. application.
d. conceptualization.
ANSWER: a
43. This type of research may be appropriate when a policy change is being considered.
a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Explanatory
d. Applied
ANSWER: b
44. Social science involves the study of
a. positives and negatives.
b. variables and concepts.
c. variables and paradigms.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
d. variables and attributes.
ANSWER: d
45. Why is a survey the most appropriate method for studying general concern and fear for personal
safety?
a. It is an organized approach to a large research sample.
b. It allows for understanding of what cannot be observed directly.
c. It is easy for the survey takers to understand what is being asked of them.
d. It is the most efficient research method to analyze results.
ANSWER: b
46. Why are websites unreliable literature sources?
a. They are not reviewed by librarians.
b. They can be updated on a regular basis.
c. They are rarely reviewed or refereed.
d. They do not do a good job of synthesizing information.
ANSWER: c
47. Which of the following is a budget consideration for a research proposal?
a. Deadlines
b. Scheduling
c. Travel
d. Gathering references
ANSWER: c
48. What factor has caused related problems when separating Internet research findings?
a. Unreliable government sources
b. Poor Wi-Fi
c. Too much information on too little topics
d. The demented ramblings of ideologues
ANSWER: d
49. What are two types of applied research?
a. Evaluation and problem analysis
b. Descriptive research and evaluation
c. Explanatory research and descriptive research
d. Explanatory research and problem analysis
ANSWER: a
50. What is the proper workflow for creating a research project?
a. conceptualize, observe, analyze, apply
b. observe, analyze, apply, conceptualize
c. choose research method, conceptualize, analyze, apply
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
Justice and Criminology 9th Edition by Michael G.
Maxfield
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
1. We live in a world of two realities: empirical and agreement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. The keystone of inquiry is observation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. We can understand something by knowing the why before the what.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
6. The tendency to overgeneralize is probably greatest when there is an absence of pressure to reach a
judgement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. Inquiry is hindered when we depend on the authority of experts who are speaking outside their realm of
expertise.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. The four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. The National Criminal Justice Reference Service was established in 1972 to
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends.
b. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems.
c. archive and distribute research reports to criminal justice professionals.
d. solely provide grant opportunities.
ANSWER: c
10. The role of the Bureau of Justice Statistics is to
a. collect and disseminate criminal justice statistics, including information about crime and
victims of crime.
b. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends.
c. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems.
d. solely provide grant opportunities.
ANSWER: a
11. We live in a world of two realities known as
a. expressed and assumed.
b. experiential and agreement.
c. expressed and agreement.
d. experiential and assumed.
ANSWER: b
12. Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?
a. Agreement
b. Expressed
c. Assumed
d. Experiential
ANSWER: d
13. Things we consider real because we’ve been told they are real is an example of
a. agreement reality.
b. expressed reality.
c. assumed reality.
d. experiential reality.
ANSWER: a
14. A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice
represents
a. known reality.
b. expressed reality.
c. empirical reality.
d. experiential reality.
ANSWER: d
15. Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. known reality.
b. agreement reality.
c. experiential reality.
d. assumed reality.
ANSWER: b
16. Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven’t personally
experienced. These types are
a. epistemological and methodological.
b. logical and hard facts.
c. logical and empirical.
d. hard facts and complete data.
ANSWER: c
17. What is the science of knowing?
a. Methodology
b. Entomology
c. Modality
d. Epistemology
ANSWER: d
18. What method is known as the science of finding out?
a. Epistemology
b. Methodology
c. Observations
d. Data gathering
ANSWER: a
19. Which two questions does human inquiry attempt to answer?
a. Where and when
b. Who and why
c. How and when
d. What and why
ANSWER: d
20. Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular
a. assumptions.
b. patterns.
c. educated guesses.
d. past experiences.
ANSWER: b
21. Acceptance of knowledge that others give us is known as
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
a. authority.
b. tradition.
c. agreement reality.
d. understanding.
ANSWER: c
22. When we rely on the “truths” of our culture, we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority,
and this is called acceptance of
a. traditions.
b. myths.
c. reality.
d. agreement.
ANSWER: a
23. As we learn about the world around us, we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what
other sources of knowledge do we rely on?
a. Tradition and authority
b. Exploration and description
c. Surveys and observations
d. Aggregate data and survey data
ANSWER: a
24. When we trust the judgments of people who have received special training, such as a doctor or a
lawyer, we are accepting their
a. wisdom.
b. expertise.
c. authority.
d. word.
ANSWER: c
25. When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us, which of the following is
most likely?
a. The resulting information is always correct.
b. The information can both help inquiry and hinder it.
c. The resulting information is always wrong.
d. You can never know if the information you gather is correct.
ANSWER: b
26. Selective observation can be the result of
a. replication.
b. illogical reasoning.
c. ideology and politics.
d. overgeneralization.
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
27. Criminologist Samuel Walker compared ideological bias in criminal justice research to theology by
stating
a. “Faith is never a consideration.”
b. “Faith triumphs over facts.”
c. “Faith can coexist with facts.”
d. “Faith is always defeated by facts.”
ANSWER: b
28. Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the
criminal justice system?
a. Eyewitness testimony
b. Police officers on a stake-out
c. The state witnesses at an execution
d. Correction officers watching a potentially suicidal prisoner
ANSWER: a
29. When there is pressure to reach a general understanding, there is a tendency toward
a. overgeneralization.
b. inaccurate observations.
c. illogical reasoning.
d. miscalculation.
ANSWER: a
30. When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing
a. too much work.
b. following the pattern.
c. replication.
d. theoretical repetition.
ANSWER: c
31. Overgeneralization can lead to misunderstanding and
a. justification.
b. simplification.
c. complication.
d. replication.
ANSWER: a
32. If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of
why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don’t fit. This is
a. inaccurate observation.
b. overgeneralization.
c. illogical reasoning.
d. selective observation.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
ANSWER: d
33. During observation, if you choose to follow “the exception that proves the rule,” you have made what
error?
a. Inaccurate observation
b. Overgeneralization
c. Illogical reasoning
d. Selective observation
ANSWER: c
34. According to the text, illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following?
a. The weather has been good all month, so this weekend the weather will be good enough to go
to the beach.
b. I have lost at gambling for hours now, so if I just pay a little longer, I will win back what I
have lost.
c. On my way to work, I always ease through the stop sign at the corner of the school’s parking
lot, and as I have never been hit there, I will continue to do that.
d. The last two exams were easy, so there is no need for me to study for this exam.
ANSWER: b
35. The point where scientific observation differs from our casual human inquiry is that it is
a. a directed activity.
b. a subconscious activity.
c. a formal activity.
d. an informal activity.
ANSWER: a
36. Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner:
a. Crime should not be used as a political issue.
b. Ideological or political views on criminal justice issues can undermine objectivity.
c. There is no political nature to the study of crime.
d. There are no ideological issues in the study of crime.
ANSWER: b
37. Statisticians refer to “Gambler’s fallacy” as this type of reasoning:
a. Analytical
b. Logical
c. Irrational
d. Rational
ANSWER: c
38. What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise?
a. Theory, data collection, selective observation
b. Theory, data collection, data analysis
c. Data collection, data analysis, funding
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
d. Theory, data analysis, funding
ANSWER: b
39. Social science cannot settle debates on
a. facts.
b. observations.
c. logic.
d. values.
ANSWER: d
40. Who said, “Unthinking respect of authority is the enemy of truth”?
a. Albert Einstein
b. Samuel Walker
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Nancy La Vigne
ANSWER: a
41. Which of the following explicitly addresses causality and probability and offers techniques for
managing them?
a. Science
b. Faith
c. Human inquiry
d. Nature
ANSWER: a
42. Concrete steps that are used to measure specific procedure are referred to as
a. operationalization.
b. observations.
c. application.
d. conceptualization.
ANSWER: a
43. This type of research may be appropriate when a policy change is being considered.
a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Explanatory
d. Applied
ANSWER: b
44. Social science involves the study of
a. positives and negatives.
b. variables and concepts.
c. variables and paradigms.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry
d. variables and attributes.
ANSWER: d
45. Why is a survey the most appropriate method for studying general concern and fear for personal
safety?
a. It is an organized approach to a large research sample.
b. It allows for understanding of what cannot be observed directly.
c. It is easy for the survey takers to understand what is being asked of them.
d. It is the most efficient research method to analyze results.
ANSWER: b
46. Why are websites unreliable literature sources?
a. They are not reviewed by librarians.
b. They can be updated on a regular basis.
c. They are rarely reviewed or refereed.
d. They do not do a good job of synthesizing information.
ANSWER: c
47. Which of the following is a budget consideration for a research proposal?
a. Deadlines
b. Scheduling
c. Travel
d. Gathering references
ANSWER: c
48. What factor has caused related problems when separating Internet research findings?
a. Unreliable government sources
b. Poor Wi-Fi
c. Too much information on too little topics
d. The demented ramblings of ideologues
ANSWER: d
49. What are two types of applied research?
a. Evaluation and problem analysis
b. Descriptive research and evaluation
c. Explanatory research and descriptive research
d. Explanatory research and problem analysis
ANSWER: a
50. What is the proper workflow for creating a research project?
a. conceptualize, observe, analyze, apply
b. observe, analyze, apply, conceptualize
c. choose research method, conceptualize, analyze, apply
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
