1|Page
NUR 445/NURS 445 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/ 2026
COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED
A+||LATEST EXAM!!!
What medication is used to decrease ICP? - Answer-
Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
-reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic
gradient across the blood-brain barrier [BBB] and
increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain cells
and shifts it into the intravascular compartment)
What medication would you plan on administering to a
patient who is experiencing bradycardia or heart block? -
Answer-Atropine
-administer over 1 minute
-therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
-rapid administration may be used during cardiac
resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline flush)
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A patient suffering from a hypertensive crisis enters the
ED. What medication is used to treat this emergent
situation? - Answer-Nitroprusside
-arteriole vasodilator
-rapidly lowers BP
-decreases preload and afterload
What is clonidine used for? - Answer-lowering of BP
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be
lowered quickly
What medication prevents the absorption of ammonia from
the GI tract in order to treat hepatic encephalopathy? -
Answer-Lactulose
-expect more frequent bowel movements
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation
and improved mental status (24-48 hours after oral
administration)
Under what condition would you administer tPA? - Answer-
patient that is suffering from an ischemic stroke
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What is mutual support? - Answer-assisting others
providing feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
What is the difference between formal and informal
feedback? - Answer-Formal should be retrospective and
scheduled in advance
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
Explain the phenomenon of alarm fatigue - Answer-
Frequency of alarms becomes overwhelming, resulting in
delayed response to alarms and deliberate alarm
deactivation which may impact patient safety
What is the purpose of palliative care? - Answer-nursing
and medical treatments are combined with control of pain
and symptoms
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What is the CUS method of advocacy? - Answer-I am
concerned
I am uncomfortable
This is a safety issue
What does DESC stand for? - Answer-Describe the
situation
Express what you think and feel
Suggest a solution
Consequences if no changes
What is the normal rate of the SA node, AV node, and
ventricular rate? - Answer-SA = 60-100
AV = 40-60
Ventricular = 20-40
What is the normal length of a P wave, QRS complex, and
QT interval? - Answer-P = 0.12-0.20 sec
QRS = ≤ 0.12 sec
QT = 0.32-0.40 sec
NUR 445/NURS 445 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/ 2026
COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED
A+||LATEST EXAM!!!
What medication is used to decrease ICP? - Answer-
Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
-reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic
gradient across the blood-brain barrier [BBB] and
increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain cells
and shifts it into the intravascular compartment)
What medication would you plan on administering to a
patient who is experiencing bradycardia or heart block? -
Answer-Atropine
-administer over 1 minute
-therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
-rapid administration may be used during cardiac
resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline flush)
,2|Page
A patient suffering from a hypertensive crisis enters the
ED. What medication is used to treat this emergent
situation? - Answer-Nitroprusside
-arteriole vasodilator
-rapidly lowers BP
-decreases preload and afterload
What is clonidine used for? - Answer-lowering of BP
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be
lowered quickly
What medication prevents the absorption of ammonia from
the GI tract in order to treat hepatic encephalopathy? -
Answer-Lactulose
-expect more frequent bowel movements
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation
and improved mental status (24-48 hours after oral
administration)
Under what condition would you administer tPA? - Answer-
patient that is suffering from an ischemic stroke
,3|Page
What is mutual support? - Answer-assisting others
providing feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
What is the difference between formal and informal
feedback? - Answer-Formal should be retrospective and
scheduled in advance
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
Explain the phenomenon of alarm fatigue - Answer-
Frequency of alarms becomes overwhelming, resulting in
delayed response to alarms and deliberate alarm
deactivation which may impact patient safety
What is the purpose of palliative care? - Answer-nursing
and medical treatments are combined with control of pain
and symptoms
, 4|Page
What is the CUS method of advocacy? - Answer-I am
concerned
I am uncomfortable
This is a safety issue
What does DESC stand for? - Answer-Describe the
situation
Express what you think and feel
Suggest a solution
Consequences if no changes
What is the normal rate of the SA node, AV node, and
ventricular rate? - Answer-SA = 60-100
AV = 40-60
Ventricular = 20-40
What is the normal length of a P wave, QRS complex, and
QT interval? - Answer-P = 0.12-0.20 sec
QRS = ≤ 0.12 sec
QT = 0.32-0.40 sec
