NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM WITH Q&A GRADED A+
TESTED AND APPROVED!!!
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the
transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what? -- ANSWER--
Intracellular and extracellular K+
The ratio of K+ in theICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the
resting membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and
conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms,
and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other
options.
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which
compensatory process? -- ANSWER--c.Hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs
to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia
of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other
options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the
question.
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an
action potential? -- ANSWER--Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the
cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell
membranes become more permeable to Na+. As Na+ moves into the cell the
membrane potential decreases, or moves forward, from a negative value (in
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, millivolts) to zero. The Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, causing
the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive
(depolarization).
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause
cells to do? -- ANSWER--Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride
(NaCl)
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
(Na+-K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. (The Na+-K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and
water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other
options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? -- ANSWER--Liver
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and kidney cells, the most
common site of intracellular lipid accumulation, or fatty change, is liver cells.
Subcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid accumulation.
How do free radicals cause cell damage? -- ANSWER--a.Giving up an electron,
which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals
one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with proteins,
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TESTED AND APPROVED!!!
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the
transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what? -- ANSWER--
Intracellular and extracellular K+
The ratio of K+ in theICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the
resting membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and
conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms,
and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other
options.
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which
compensatory process? -- ANSWER--c.Hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs
to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia
of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other
options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the
question.
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an
action potential? -- ANSWER--Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the
cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell
membranes become more permeable to Na+. As Na+ moves into the cell the
membrane potential decreases, or moves forward, from a negative value (in
Page 1 of 15
, millivolts) to zero. The Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, causing
the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive
(depolarization).
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause
cells to do? -- ANSWER--Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride
(NaCl)
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
(Na+-K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. (The Na+-K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and
water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other
options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? -- ANSWER--Liver
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and kidney cells, the most
common site of intracellular lipid accumulation, or fatty change, is liver cells.
Subcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid accumulation.
How do free radicals cause cell damage? -- ANSWER--a.Giving up an electron,
which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals
one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with proteins,
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