Laboratory Manual
,Biology
Laboratory Manual
Thirteenth Edition
Darrell S. Vodopich
Baylor University
RandyMoore
University of Minnesota
,BIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright
©2023 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but
not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance
learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers
outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 27 26 25 24 23 22
ISBN 978-1-265-13673-4
MHID 1-265-13673-4
Cover Image: ©Darrell S. Vodopich
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a
website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites..
mheducation.com/highered
, Contents
Preface v Exercise 16
Teaching and Learning Tools ix Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: DNA Isolation and Genetic
Welcome to the Biology Laboratory Transformation 175
xii
Exercise 17
Genetics: The Principles of Mendel 183
Exercise 1
Scientific Method: The Process of Science 1
Exercise 18
Evolution: Natural Selection and Morphological Change in
Exercise 2 Green Algae 199
Measurements in Biology: The Metric System and Data Analysis
11
Exercise 19
Human Evolution: Skull Examination 211
Exercise 3
The Microscope: Basic Skills of Light Microscopy 21
Exercise 20
Ecology: Diversity and Interaction in Plant Communities 223
Exercise 4
The Cell: Structure and Function 33
Exercise 21
Community Succession 233
Exercise 5
Solutions, Acids, and Bases: The pH Scale 51
Exercise 22
Population Growth: Limitations of the Environment 241
Exercise 6
Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids, and Nucleic Acids 59 Exercise 23
Pollution: The Effects of Chemical, Thermal, and Acidic Pollution 249
Exercise 7
Separating Organic Compounds: Column Chromatography,
Exercise 24
Paper Chromatography, and Gel Electrophoresis 73 Survey of Prokaryotes: Domains Archaea and Bacteria 259
Exercise 8 Exercise 25
Survey of Protists: Algal Autotrophs 275
Spectrophotometry: Identifying Solutes and Determining Their
Concentration 83
Exercise 26
Exercise 9 Survey of Protists: Protozoan Heterotrophs 289
Diffusion and Osmosis: Passive Movement of Molecules in
Biological Systems 95 Exercise 27
Survey of the Kingdom Fungi: Molds, Sac Fungi, Mushrooms, and
Exercise 10 Lichens 299
Cellular Membranes: Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress
109 Exercise 28
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts
Exercise 11 of Phyla Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta 315
Enzymes: Factors Affecting the Rate of Activity 117
Exercise 29
Exercise 12 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Seedless Vascular Plants of Phyla
Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Pterophyta and Lycophyta 325
Molecules 129
Exercise 30
Exercise 13 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms of Phyla
Photosynthesis: Pigment Separation, Starch Production, and CO2 Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta
Uptake 141 337
Exercise 14 Exercise 31
Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells 153 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms 347
Exercise 15
Meiosis: Reduction Division and Gametogenesis 163
iii
TOC–1
,Biology
Laboratory Manual
Thirteenth Edition
Darrell S. Vodopich
Baylor University
RandyMoore
University of Minnesota
,BIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright
©2023 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but
not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance
learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers
outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 27 26 25 24 23 22
ISBN 978-1-265-13673-4
MHID 1-265-13673-4
Cover Image: ©Darrell S. Vodopich
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a
website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites..
mheducation.com/highered
, Contents
Preface v Exercise 16
Teaching and Learning Tools ix Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: DNA Isolation and Genetic
Welcome to the Biology Laboratory Transformation 175
xii
Exercise 17
Genetics: The Principles of Mendel 183
Exercise 1
Scientific Method: The Process of Science 1
Exercise 18
Evolution: Natural Selection and Morphological Change in
Exercise 2 Green Algae 199
Measurements in Biology: The Metric System and Data Analysis
11
Exercise 19
Human Evolution: Skull Examination 211
Exercise 3
The Microscope: Basic Skills of Light Microscopy 21
Exercise 20
Ecology: Diversity and Interaction in Plant Communities 223
Exercise 4
The Cell: Structure and Function 33
Exercise 21
Community Succession 233
Exercise 5
Solutions, Acids, and Bases: The pH Scale 51
Exercise 22
Population Growth: Limitations of the Environment 241
Exercise 6
Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids, and Nucleic Acids 59 Exercise 23
Pollution: The Effects of Chemical, Thermal, and Acidic Pollution 249
Exercise 7
Separating Organic Compounds: Column Chromatography,
Exercise 24
Paper Chromatography, and Gel Electrophoresis 73 Survey of Prokaryotes: Domains Archaea and Bacteria 259
Exercise 8 Exercise 25
Survey of Protists: Algal Autotrophs 275
Spectrophotometry: Identifying Solutes and Determining Their
Concentration 83
Exercise 26
Exercise 9 Survey of Protists: Protozoan Heterotrophs 289
Diffusion and Osmosis: Passive Movement of Molecules in
Biological Systems 95 Exercise 27
Survey of the Kingdom Fungi: Molds, Sac Fungi, Mushrooms, and
Exercise 10 Lichens 299
Cellular Membranes: Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress
109 Exercise 28
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts
Exercise 11 of Phyla Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta 315
Enzymes: Factors Affecting the Rate of Activity 117
Exercise 29
Exercise 12 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Seedless Vascular Plants of Phyla
Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Pterophyta and Lycophyta 325
Molecules 129
Exercise 30
Exercise 13 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms of Phyla
Photosynthesis: Pigment Separation, Starch Production, and CO2 Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta
Uptake 141 337
Exercise 14 Exercise 31
Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells 153 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms 347
Exercise 15
Meiosis: Reduction Division and Gametogenesis 163
iii
TOC–1
