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Anatomy & Physiology I Assessment Test review EXAM2025- 2026 Review
GRADED A+ QUESTIONS WIT H CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Define the term Element
A substance made up from one type of atom and cannot be broken down by
chemical means.
Identify the common chemical symbols for oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, iron, and phosphorus.
Oxygen - O
Carbon - C
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N
Calcium - Ca
Potassium - K
Sodium - Na
Chlorine - Cl
Iron - Fe
Phosphorus - P
Identify the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water,
hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate (also
known as sodium hydrogen carbonate).
Carbon Dioxide - CO2 / Carbon Monoxide - CO / Water - H2O / Hydrochloric Acid -
HCl / Sodium Chloride - NaCl / Glucose - C6H12O6 / Sodium Bicarbonate -
NaHCO3
Define the term Atom
The basic unit of a chemical element.
Describe the basic structure of an atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
The center of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons that form the nucleus.
Electrons are lightweight and orbit around the nucleus (neutrons and protons).
Identify the charge and the location in an atom of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
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Charge: Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge and
Neutrons have no charge (neutral).
Location: protons and neutrons remain in the center (nucleus). Electrons remain
orbiting outside the nucleus.
Define the term Isotope
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons, and differ in atomic mass but not in chemical
properties.
Recognize that isotopes are used in diagnosis and treatment in medicine
They are used in body scans/nuclear imaging to evaluate thyroid cancer, etc.
Define the terms molecule and ion. Explain the role of electrons in chemical
bonding.
Molecule - A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Ion - An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or
more electrons.
Explain role of electrons in chemical bonding - Electrons play a huge role in chemical
bonding. One type is electrovalent bonding (ionic), where an electron from one atom
is transferred to another atom. You end up creating two ions as one atom loses and
electron and another one gains one. BASICALLY, chemical bonding can't happen
without electrons.
Compare how covalent and ionic bonds hold atoms together and how each
type of bond is shown in a diagram.
Covalent bonding takes place when atoms are unstable because their outer ring of
electrons aren't filled up. So then atoms come together and share electrons (forming
a molecule). They become strong and hard to break apart.
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It's a
type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are
weaker than covalent bonds but still create molecules.
Discuss the relative strength of covalent and ionic bonds (how easily the
bonds can be broken).
Covalent bonds are strong and can only be broken by enzymic catalysis. Ionic bonds
are weak and can be broken by temperature and pressure.
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Compare polar and nonpolar bonds. Compare and contrast the characteristics
of polar and nonpolar molecules.
Nonpolar covalent bond - A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same
electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair.
Polar covalent bond - A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different
electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair.
Polar Molecules - Have more electrons (+) on one side of the molecule than the
other, resulting in an electrical field in that area.
Nonpolar Molecules - Electrons are distributed more symmetrically and thus does
not have an abundance of charges at the opposite side. The charges all cancel each
other out.
Identify the type of bond (polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, or ionic) found in
the following molecules: carbon dioxide, water, hydrochloric acid, sodium
chloride, oxygen gas, and sodium bicarbonate.
Carbon dioxide - nonpolar (symmetrical)
Water - Polar covalent
Hydrochloric acid - Polar
Sodium Chloride - polar ionic compound (polar)
Oxygen gas - nonpolar
Sodium bicarbonate - polar
Define the term hydrogen bond. Describe the characteristics of hydrogen
bonds.
A weak bond between 2 molecules resulting in an interaction between an
electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom.
Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules or within parts of a single molecule.
Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds. They only form between oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen and fluorine.
Identify how hydrogen bonds are shown in a diagram.
https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/science/chemistry/bonds
Define the terms matter and mass
Matter - Physical substance in general, what occupies space and has mass,
especially as distinct from energy.
Mass - a coherent, typically large body of matter with no definite shape.
Identify and describe the properties of the 3 states of matter
Anatomy & Physiology I Assessment Test review EXAM2025- 2026 Review
GRADED A+ QUESTIONS WIT H CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Define the term Element
A substance made up from one type of atom and cannot be broken down by
chemical means.
Identify the common chemical symbols for oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, iron, and phosphorus.
Oxygen - O
Carbon - C
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N
Calcium - Ca
Potassium - K
Sodium - Na
Chlorine - Cl
Iron - Fe
Phosphorus - P
Identify the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water,
hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate (also
known as sodium hydrogen carbonate).
Carbon Dioxide - CO2 / Carbon Monoxide - CO / Water - H2O / Hydrochloric Acid -
HCl / Sodium Chloride - NaCl / Glucose - C6H12O6 / Sodium Bicarbonate -
NaHCO3
Define the term Atom
The basic unit of a chemical element.
Describe the basic structure of an atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
The center of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons that form the nucleus.
Electrons are lightweight and orbit around the nucleus (neutrons and protons).
Identify the charge and the location in an atom of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
, Page 2 of 27
Charge: Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge and
Neutrons have no charge (neutral).
Location: protons and neutrons remain in the center (nucleus). Electrons remain
orbiting outside the nucleus.
Define the term Isotope
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons, and differ in atomic mass but not in chemical
properties.
Recognize that isotopes are used in diagnosis and treatment in medicine
They are used in body scans/nuclear imaging to evaluate thyroid cancer, etc.
Define the terms molecule and ion. Explain the role of electrons in chemical
bonding.
Molecule - A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Ion - An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or
more electrons.
Explain role of electrons in chemical bonding - Electrons play a huge role in chemical
bonding. One type is electrovalent bonding (ionic), where an electron from one atom
is transferred to another atom. You end up creating two ions as one atom loses and
electron and another one gains one. BASICALLY, chemical bonding can't happen
without electrons.
Compare how covalent and ionic bonds hold atoms together and how each
type of bond is shown in a diagram.
Covalent bonding takes place when atoms are unstable because their outer ring of
electrons aren't filled up. So then atoms come together and share electrons (forming
a molecule). They become strong and hard to break apart.
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It's a
type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are
weaker than covalent bonds but still create molecules.
Discuss the relative strength of covalent and ionic bonds (how easily the
bonds can be broken).
Covalent bonds are strong and can only be broken by enzymic catalysis. Ionic bonds
are weak and can be broken by temperature and pressure.
, Page 3 of 27
Compare polar and nonpolar bonds. Compare and contrast the characteristics
of polar and nonpolar molecules.
Nonpolar covalent bond - A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same
electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair.
Polar covalent bond - A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different
electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair.
Polar Molecules - Have more electrons (+) on one side of the molecule than the
other, resulting in an electrical field in that area.
Nonpolar Molecules - Electrons are distributed more symmetrically and thus does
not have an abundance of charges at the opposite side. The charges all cancel each
other out.
Identify the type of bond (polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, or ionic) found in
the following molecules: carbon dioxide, water, hydrochloric acid, sodium
chloride, oxygen gas, and sodium bicarbonate.
Carbon dioxide - nonpolar (symmetrical)
Water - Polar covalent
Hydrochloric acid - Polar
Sodium Chloride - polar ionic compound (polar)
Oxygen gas - nonpolar
Sodium bicarbonate - polar
Define the term hydrogen bond. Describe the characteristics of hydrogen
bonds.
A weak bond between 2 molecules resulting in an interaction between an
electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom.
Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules or within parts of a single molecule.
Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds. They only form between oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen and fluorine.
Identify how hydrogen bonds are shown in a diagram.
https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/science/chemistry/bonds
Define the terms matter and mass
Matter - Physical substance in general, what occupies space and has mass,
especially as distinct from energy.
Mass - a coherent, typically large body of matter with no definite shape.
Identify and describe the properties of the 3 states of matter
