Page 1 of 28
Anatomy and Physiology Test 2 EXAM 2025 – 2026 Review GRADED A+
QUESTIONS WIT H CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies
against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?
passive, artificial immunity because antibodies given to individual is passive
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?
complement activation;
it has potential to bind antigen by itself (alternative pathway) but it may require an
antibody to bind to the antigen first (classical pathway)
The antivenom used to treat a venomous snake bite is an antibody produced in an
animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who
has been bitten by a venomous snake. How would you classify the resulting
humoral immunity?
passive immunity, artificially acquired
Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?
helper T cells;
lymphocytes that organize the cellular and humoral immune response branches of the
immune system
Which of the following are appropriately matched?
macrophages: antigen-presenting cells;
cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells;
B cells: produce antibodies;
T cell: manage or orchestrate an immune response
What types of antigen do mature T cells normally recognize?
cancer antigens, bacterial antigens, and processed fragments of protein antigens
displayed on surfaced of body cells;
they don't recognize self-antigens
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present
fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
, Page 2 of 28
dendritic cells;
antigen-presenting cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments of them to
their own surfaces, where T cells can recognize them
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected
cells?
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells;
they can distinguish between self cells and foreign cells (even if it recognizes own
antigen on virus-infected cell, T cell will destroy it)
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to
the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune
system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
memory B cells
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity:
1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell
2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell
3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis
4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell
2, 4, 1, 3
Which of the following is a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
secretion of perforin, secretion of granzyme, recognition of infected host cell using its
TCR
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
1. Endosome fuses with lysozome
2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus
3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II
4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus
5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell
2,1,4,3,5
, Page 3 of 28
what is happening during the pause phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)?
ventricles are filling
what causes the abnormal swishing or wooshing sound that is heard as blood
regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle?
blood turbulence
which vessel returns blood to the left atrium of the heart?
pulmonary veins
which muscles are particularly associated with anchoring the right and left
atrioventricular valves?
papillary muscles
they contract to tense the right/ left atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae
before ventricular systole
the right tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the
?
right atrium
what statement is correct regarding the ventricles?
the right ventricle empties into the pulmonary ventricle
cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. this is
because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will?
prevent the heart from filling properly with blood;
if additional fluid fills the pericardial space, it adds pressure on the outside of the heart,
preventing it from filling normally
why does a patient with left-sided heart failure have low systolic blood pressure?
left side of heart receives blood from lungs and pumps it out to the body, so if it fails,
blood will remain in the lungs and less blood will be pumped into the arteries
when you listened to his lungs you heart fluid in them. could thsi be due to heart
failure, or is it another problem?
the left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body, so
if it fails, blood will remain in the lungs
what happens during systole?
AV vale closed, semilunar valves are open, ventricles are contracting, blood is flowing
through semilunar valves, blood is leaving the heart
Anatomy and Physiology Test 2 EXAM 2025 – 2026 Review GRADED A+
QUESTIONS WIT H CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies
against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?
passive, artificial immunity because antibodies given to individual is passive
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?
complement activation;
it has potential to bind antigen by itself (alternative pathway) but it may require an
antibody to bind to the antigen first (classical pathway)
The antivenom used to treat a venomous snake bite is an antibody produced in an
animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who
has been bitten by a venomous snake. How would you classify the resulting
humoral immunity?
passive immunity, artificially acquired
Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?
helper T cells;
lymphocytes that organize the cellular and humoral immune response branches of the
immune system
Which of the following are appropriately matched?
macrophages: antigen-presenting cells;
cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells;
B cells: produce antibodies;
T cell: manage or orchestrate an immune response
What types of antigen do mature T cells normally recognize?
cancer antigens, bacterial antigens, and processed fragments of protein antigens
displayed on surfaced of body cells;
they don't recognize self-antigens
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present
fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
, Page 2 of 28
dendritic cells;
antigen-presenting cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments of them to
their own surfaces, where T cells can recognize them
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected
cells?
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells;
they can distinguish between self cells and foreign cells (even if it recognizes own
antigen on virus-infected cell, T cell will destroy it)
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to
the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune
system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
memory B cells
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity:
1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell
2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell
3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis
4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell
2, 4, 1, 3
Which of the following is a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
secretion of perforin, secretion of granzyme, recognition of infected host cell using its
TCR
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
1. Endosome fuses with lysozome
2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus
3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II
4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus
5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell
2,1,4,3,5
, Page 3 of 28
what is happening during the pause phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)?
ventricles are filling
what causes the abnormal swishing or wooshing sound that is heard as blood
regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle?
blood turbulence
which vessel returns blood to the left atrium of the heart?
pulmonary veins
which muscles are particularly associated with anchoring the right and left
atrioventricular valves?
papillary muscles
they contract to tense the right/ left atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae
before ventricular systole
the right tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the
?
right atrium
what statement is correct regarding the ventricles?
the right ventricle empties into the pulmonary ventricle
cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. this is
because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will?
prevent the heart from filling properly with blood;
if additional fluid fills the pericardial space, it adds pressure on the outside of the heart,
preventing it from filling normally
why does a patient with left-sided heart failure have low systolic blood pressure?
left side of heart receives blood from lungs and pumps it out to the body, so if it fails,
blood will remain in the lungs and less blood will be pumped into the arteries
when you listened to his lungs you heart fluid in them. could thsi be due to heart
failure, or is it another problem?
the left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body, so
if it fails, blood will remain in the lungs
what happens during systole?
AV vale closed, semilunar valves are open, ventricles are contracting, blood is flowing
through semilunar valves, blood is leaving the heart
