CEP 524 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified Answers)

CEP 524 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified Answers) Law and ethics differ in that a. laws dictate minimum standards of behavior that society will tolerate, whereas ethics represent the ideal standards expected by the profession. b. ethics dictate minimum standards of behavior that society will tolerate, whereas laws represent the ideal standards expected by the profession. c. ethics and laws have the same standards. d. laws require that counselors always follow the profession's ethical standards. e. ethics and laws are often in conflict because they are so different from one another. The best statement about the nature of professional ethics in counseling is that a. if counselors study ethical codes and keep current with the professional literature, they can be assured of practicing in an ethical manner. b. in order to practice in an ethical manner, counselors must always be in compliance with federal and state laws. c. because there are few absolute, right answers to ethical practice questions, consultation with counseling colleagues is very important when making ethical decisions. d. because there are few absolute, right answers to ethical practice questions, consultation with lawyers is very important when making ethical decisions. e. the ethical standards have changed very little in the last 50 years, so if counselors learn the rules, they will be able to practice in an ethical manner. The personal values of counselors a. have no place in the counseling session b. should be completely altruistic c. are influenced by their families of origin and their cultures, among other factors d. are rooted in universal moral principles e. should prevail over ethics when there is a conflict between the counselor's values and the client's behavior Virtue ethicists believe that a. to determine whether a counselor is ethical, each decision the counselor makes must be carefully weighed b. people exist in connection to and in relationship with one another c. actions speak louder than words d. there are no universal moral principles e. counselors should always be truthful When attempting to make an ethical decision, it is recommended that counselors take all of the following steps EXCEPT a. tune into their feelings. b. involve the client in the decision-making process. c. consider the moral principles. d. consult with an attorney. e. identify desired outcomes. Once counselors have disclosed their legal questions to their immediate supervisors and have received a response either from the supervisor or from an attorney who is advising them as to the proper course of action, a. it is essential for counselors to seek a second opinion. b. it is essential for counselors to choose and act on their own choice. c. it is essential for counselors to follow legal advice given to them, even if they do not agree with it. d. it is essential for counselors to follow legal advice given to them, but only if they agree with it. e. it is essential for counselors to ask the ACA Ethics Committee for an opinion. Laws a. always support professional values and behaviors. b. dictate maximum standards of behavior for professionals in a position of trust who provide services to the public. c. are similar to ethics in that they represent ideal standards. d. often conflict with an ethical standard related to a similar issue. e. are agreed upon rules that are set forth by principles allowing people to live together in a society. Counselors with a strong professional identity are able to do all of the following EXCEPT a. describe the services their profession renders to the public. b. articulate the similarities and differences between their profession and other similar groups. c. show pride in belonging to the counseling profession. d. demonstrate that they hold a master's degree from a CACREP-accredited program. explain the philosophy that underlies the activities of counselors A core belief that members of the counseling profession hold concerning helping others with their mental health concerns is a. it is important to identify the illness presented by the person asking for assistance. b. the goal is to help the individual return to the level of functioning enjoyed before the illness occurred. c. remediation is the most appropriate means in dealing with emotional and personal problems. d. prevention and early intervention are the most appropriate means to deal with emotional and personal problems. e. giving support often is all that is necessary for people to resolve their personal crises. Counselors who practice from a developmental perspective a. focus on the physical development of their clients because physical development has a significant impact on the emotional well-being of clients. b. focus on the intellectual development of their clients because clients must be taught to understand themselves and function more effectively. c. see personal development as a difficult goal to attain that requires the help of counselors who understand the human condition. d. view most problems people encounter as natural and normal because all developmental stages of life bring challenges. e. believe that all stages of life traumatize clients and the counselor's role is to treat the trauma their clients have experienced. Within the counseling profession the primary national voluntary certification agency is a. American Mental Health Counselors Association b. American Counseling Association. c. American Association for Counseling and Development. d. National Board for Certified Counselors. e. National Registry of Certified Counselors. All of the following are steps toward professionalization EXCEPT a. getting state laws passed that regulate the practice of the profession. b. changing names to reduce identification with other professions c. developing a code of ethics. d. requiring members of the profession to possess specialized knowledge and skills. e. offering services that are identical to services offered by other similar professions. Professionalism in counseling includes all of the following EXCEPT a. being intrinsically motivated to achieve best practices in counseling. b. taking pride in one's profession. c. holding a doctorate in counseling or a related area. d. understanding the history and philosophy of the profession. e. representing the profession to the public in a positive and vigorous manner. The primary difference between counselors and other mental health professionals is: a. only counselors provide mental health counseling services. b. only counselors use the term "counseling" to describe the service that they provide to clients. c. counseling is the primary professional service that counselors provide. d. counselors do not diagnose and treat mental illnesses. e. the primary service that counselors provide to clients is to connect them with resources in their communities that can help the clients achieve greater wellness. The term "culturally encapsulated counselor" refers to a counselor who a. counsels in a setting where the clients are not diverse. b. defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions and fails to evaluate other viewpoints, which renders the counselor insensitive to cultural variations. c. understands that all counseling is cross cultural. d. considers evidence that challenges his or her assumptions. e. has internalized some of society's biases. According to Ridley, examples of unintentional racism included all of the following EXCEPT a. avoiding the issue of cultural differences by claiming to be color blind and treating all people as if they were alike. b. assuming that a client's problems are due to the client's cultural background. c. interpreting a lack of trust in the counselor to the fact that the counselor is of a different race than the client d. facilitating co-dependency relationships with ethnic clients out of a need to be accepted e. misinterpreting a client's culturally learned patterns of communicating or behaving. When counseling a client from a racial, ethnic, or cultural group different from the counselor's, it is important for the counselor to remember that a. basically, all people are alike although they may look different. b. although certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, each individual is unique and may not be like most others from his or her group. c. since certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, the counselor should begin by assuming that this particular person is like most others. d. stereotyping is often useful in understanding differences. e. the counselor should demonstrate that she or he understands the client by using words or phrases associated with the client's racial, ethnic, or cultural group. According to McIntosh, examples of White privilege include all of the following EXCEPT a. being able to watch television and see people of the White race widely represented. b. seeing on television White people positively represented. c. knowing that if legal or medical help is needed, race will not work against the White person. d. growing up in a White middle or upper class family environment. e. not needing to teach White children about systemic racism for their own daily protection. The most important resource for counselors to use in learning about different racial, cultural, or ethnic groups is a. their clients. b. their colleagues who are from racial, cultural, or ethnic groups different from their own. c. professional associations that focus on multicultural counseling issues. d. books on multicultural counseling. e. professional journal articles on multicultural counseling. Counselors who work with female clients should have an understanding of the high-prevalence problems and issues experienced by women, including each of the following EXCEPT a. domestic violence. b. tendency to be passive-aggressive. c. sexual assault and harassment. d. body image and objectification. e. conflicts between work and family responsibilities. Multicultural considerations were not given extensive attention in the ACA Code of Ethics until a. the first version adopted in 1961. b. the second version adopted in 1974. c. the third version adopted in 1981. d. the fourth version adopted in 1988. e. the fifth version adopted in 1995. When a counselor determines that a gay or lesbian client may have been illegally discriminated against, the counselor should a. insist that the client seek immediate legal advice. b. help the client determine whether or not to seek legal advice. c. tell the client that he or she has been discriminated against and that the client should seek to have the situation rectified. d. offer to find out the legal ramifications of the situation and report them back to the client. e. inform the client that he or she should seek legal advice from an attorney who advocates for gay rights If a Southeast Asian client refuses to seek police assistance when he or she has been the victim of a crime, the counselor should a. become an advocate and contact the police for the client. b. insist that the client seek police assistance despite his or her reluctance. c. explain to the client that police help people in the United States. d. understand that the client may have negative feelings toward police because of police oppression in his or her native country. e. contact a family member and tell the family member that it is very important that the police are notified of the crime so that others can be protected. Because race, ethnicity, gender, and social class are salient cultural variables for all people, a. individuals who are members of racial minority groups experience oppression related to all of their cultural variables. b. privilege is experienced only by White males. c. social class is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. d. race is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. e. individuals simultaneously experience both privilege and oppression. Because most counselors come from a middle class background, they a. tend to be aware of their class biases. b. realize that some clients do not speak English well because of limited education or immigrant status. c. find it difficult to hear class conditioning when listening to some clients' stories. d. should emphasize the importance of education when counseling clients from low socio-economic backgrounds. e. should focus on personal relationships and rapport building when counseling low SES clients. To be effective when counseling clients with physical disabilities, counselors should a. focus on the clients' adjustment to disability. b. take a more directive, behavioral approach in working with the clients. c. refer these clients to a rehabilitation counselor. d. focus on the clients' abilities rather than limitations. e. assume that the clients' presenting problems are related to their disability. A new and notable development in the 21st century has been a. a growing awareness of multicultural differences. b. the development of multicultural competences for the counseling profession. c. attention to cultural differences in counselors' codes of ethics d. a focus on cultural bias in assessment e. an emphasis on social justice and advocacy As advocates, counselors are aware that a. clients' mental health is affected by their experiences of discrimination and marginalization b. race transcends other cultural dimensions such as class and gender c. a working-class bias is prevalent in counselor training d. because most master's level counselors are female, they are able to counsel other females more effectively than are male counselors e. gay and lesbian clients are less likely to seek counseling than are heterosexual clients Cultural competencies in working with LGBTQIQ clients include a. realizing that sexual orientation is likely to be the focus of counseling b. understanding that some clients will need to be referred for conversion therapy c. having a comfort and familiarity with LGBTQIQ sexuality and how it is expressed d. understanding the dichotomous nature of sexuality e. understanding that LGBTQIQ individuals no longer experience a significant degree of societal stigmatization Because clients may have emergencies between counseling sessions, it is usually wise for counselors to a. instruct clients to call a 24-hour mental health hotline number or report to a hospital emergency room. b. give clients their home phone number. c. supply clients with a pager number by which the counselor may be reached. d. avoid accepting clients for counseling who may have between session emergencies. e. explain to clients that any situation they are dealing with can be resolved at the next regularly scheduled counseling session. Because counselors have a fiduciary relationship with their clients, counselors must a. ensure their client's finances are being handled properly. b. protect the best interests of their clients and not benefit inappropriately from the counselor-client relationship. c. ensure that clients do what is best for themselves. d. act as the client's guardian if the client cannot care for himself or herself. e. make arrangements for clients to be taken care of by family members or close friends if their clients can no longer care for themselves. It is vital for counselors to become aware of their own personal needs and values so that they a. know which of their values they can encourage clients to adopt. b. can avoid accepting clients who hold values that are different from their own values. c. can avoid getting their own personal needs met through their counseling relationships. d. can give clients advice that is congruent with the counselor's value system. e. can choose a counseling specialty that allows them to get their personal needs met while providing counseling services to others. When clients seek counseling related to issues such as abortion, assisted suicide, interracial marriage, premarital sex, or sexual identity, counselors a. must accept such clients for counseling services even if these issues distress counselors on a personal level. b. must be able to rise above any personal feelings they have about such issues and have an obligation to assist all clients who come to them for services. c. must examine their own values regarding these issues to ensure they can provide counseling services without allowing their own beliefs to interfere. d. should immediately refer such clients to other counselors who specialize in counseling persons with those particular concerns. e. should accept such clients for counseling only if the counselor has experienced such issues in his or her personal life and has successfully resolved them. When involuntary clients are required to sign documents waiving their privacy before beginning counseling sessions, a. counselors should refuse to counsel these clients who have been forced into counseling. b. the client in these situations is the agency forcing the client into counseling, not the client himself or herself. c. counselors then have no responsibility to maintain the client's privacy. d. counselors should warn clients that they should never say anything in counseling sessions that may put them in a difficult situation with the person or agency that has mandated their counseling sessions. e. counselors should carefully explain to clients the limits of their privacy within the counseling relationship. To avoid being sued by a client for abandonment, counselors are advised to a. terminate a counseling relationship if the client becomes angry with the counselor. b. refer the client if the client gets into a life-threatening crisis situation. c. give notice of termination orally, but put nothing in writing. d. give the client adequate notice that the counselor is terminating the counseling relationship. e. continue to see the client if the client refuses a referral to another counselor. In two recent court cases, students in counseling master's degree programs were dismissed from their training programs because they failed to a. demonstrate basic listening skills b. change their religious beliefs c. learn to counsel LGBTQIQ clients effectively d. complete the required number of direct contact hours working with clients during practicum e. refer clients whose diagnoses were so severe that they lacked competence to counsel these clients With respect to confidentiality and privileged communication a. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily ethical issues. b. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily legal issues. c. confidentiality is primarily a legal issue, and privileged communication is primarily an ethical issue. d. confidentiality is primarily an ethical issue, and privileged communication is primarily a legal issue. e. it depends on the context as to whether confidentiality and privileged communication are ethical or legal issues. Privileged communication statutes a. ensure that counselors will never have to repeat information clients tell them in a counseling session. b. protect clients from having confidential communications with their counselors disclosed in a court of law without their permission. c. protect the privacy of counselors. d. make it a crime for counselors to reveal confidential communications with their clients unless their clients give them written permission to disclose the information. e. state that counselors will lose their licenses if they reveal confidential information clients tell them in counseling sessions. Breaches of client confidentiality by counselors a. are the most common basis of malpractice cases against counselors. b. are the foundation for most complaints against counselors to their licensure boards. c. occur rarely, and when they do occur are the result of counselors intentionally informing others of what a client said in a counseling session. d. occur rarely, and when they do occur are required by state statutes. e. occur rarely, and when they do occur usually are inadvertent. When the client is deceased and there is no statutory language dealing with privilege and the death of the holder, the individual who usually is allowed to assert the privilege is a. the client's last counselor. b. the client's legal representative. c. the client's spouse or next of kin. d. the judge hearing the case. e. a guardian ad litem appointed by a judge for that particular purpose. When uncertain about the privileged status of information requested for disclosure through a subpoena, a counselor should consult with a. the client whose information is being requested. b. other mental health professionals. c. another licensed counselor. d. an attorney who represents the counselor or his or her employer. e. the attorney who sent the subpoena. Disclosure of confidential information is acceptable under all of the following conditions EXCEPT a. the counselor suspects abuse or neglect of a child. b. a client poses a danger to self or others. c. a counselor is in clinical supervision with another counselor. d. a client has a fatal, communicable disease and the client's behavior is putting others at risk. e. an attorney sends a counselor a subpoena. When a client accuses a counselor of wrongdoing through a complaint with the counselor's licensure board or through a malpractice law suit filed in court, a. the client automatically waives his or her privacy rights and the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. b. the client's written permission must be obtained before the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. c. counselors are barred from revealing any information about the client when defending themselves. d. counselors may reveal only information the client agreed may be revealed when defending themselves. e. counselors can use no information from the counseling relationship with the client in defending themselves. It is TRUE that a. the majority of the complaints filed with state licensing boards against counselors involve claims of breach of confidentiality. b. research clearly demonstrates that counselor assurances of confidentiality encourage client disclosures of personal and intimate information. c. when counselors share confidential client information with other professionals involved in a client's care, the counselors should first obtain client permission to share the information. d. counselors should make the same guarantees of confidentiality in group counseling that they make when counseling individuals. e. due to concerns about confidentiality, counselors should never use a family member as an interpreter when counseling a client who does not speak the same language as the counselor. All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT