PSYCH 242 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
How did the perception of mental illness change from pre 1700s, late 1700s, and mid
1800s - Answer -pre 1700s: demonic possession
Late 1700s: moral therapy pinel/tuke
Mid 1800: dorothea dix
Who was lightner witmer? Why is he important - Answer -the father of clinical
psychology
-studied under cattell wundt (founder of psychology as a whole)
-opened first clinic at upenn
-founder of school psychology (known for IQ testing for children)
Why is lightner witmer often criticized? - Answer -he was critical, impolite, and
argumentative
-his ideas were not testable (presented theories as facts not hypothesis)
-ideas were ahead of the time and against mainstream ideas
Who is the father of clinical psychology intervention? - Answer -sigmund freud
-late 1800s
-first systematically developed psychotherapeutic techniques
Who is the father of clinical psychology assessment? - Answer -kraeplin
-1899
-analyzed symptom similarities and differences among large groups of people
-cocurring symptoms=syndromes
What was the role of IQ testing in war? - Answer -during WWI people were evaluated
for mental fitness of military recruits
-army alpha tests were verbal and army beta tests were nonverbal
What 2 things did WWI IQ testing lead to? - Answer -1)Standardization and normative
comparison
2)Discipline of clinical psychology officially recognized by APA-1919
What happened in WWII? - Answer -veterans needed for counseling
-not enough psychiatrists=turned to clinical psychologists for help
-VA funded new training programs for psychologists
What happened from the 1940s and 1960s (think of after the war) - Answer --significant
growth in clinical psychology
-new therapies (behavioral and experimental)
-new tests (personality)
-first DSM published in 1952
,Challenging the status quo: clinical v. Statistical assessment (meehl) - Answer -
psychologists believed we were putting too much emphasis on the clinical aspect of
assessment and that people were using subjective opinions to assess them rather than
standardized tools
Challenging the status quo: personality v. Environment assessment (mischel) - Answer
-people were putting too much emphasis on the role that personality played in their
behavior and weren't talking about the environment to see what was context-dependent
Challenging the status quo: eysenck v. Psychotherapy assessment - Answer -eyesenck
believed that therapy was not working and that something should change
What did people who challenged the pscyh field lead to? - Answer -more
standardization of assessment
How did assessment change? - Answer --empirically based behavioral rating scales for
children
-refinement of the MMPI
-DSM III- specific criteria to improve reliability
What were the perceptions of mental illness that prompted reformers to improve
treatment conditions for those with mental illness? - Answer -Mentally ill people were
perceived as possessing evil spirits, deserving of their symptoms due to some previous
actions, and were frequently shunned by society.
How did Tuke reform treatment for individuals with mental illness (i.e., what did they do
differently to improve the treatment conditions for individuals with mental illness?) -
Answer -created "The York Retreat," in England a residential treatment center where
mentally ill are cared for with kindness (difference was idea of "retreat" rather than
mental institutions")
How did Pinel reform treatment for individuals with mental illness (i.e., what did they do
differently to improve the treatment conditions for individuals with mental illness?) -
Answer -moved mentally ill out of dungeons in Paris where they were treated as
inmates
One of the first major advocates for individuals with mental illness in the U.S. was
Dorothea Dix. She was first exposed to the improper treatment of individuals with
mental illness in what setting? - Answer -A jail in Boston that she had worked at
What instrumental role did Emil Kraeplin have in the development of the field of Clinical
Psychology - Answer -He differentiated exogenous disorders (caused by external
factors, more treatable), from endogenous disorder and assigned names to specific
disorders (set a precedent for DSM)
, What "activity" or clinical practice characterized the field of clinical psychology more
than any other in the early years (e.g., early 20th century)? - Answer -DSM III-provide
specific diagnostic criteria, induced a multiaxial system (cataloguing problems of
different takins on different axes), and greater size due to more discovered disorders
When did therapy begin to play a significant role in the field of clinical psychology? -
Answer -1940s/1950s
What "event" prompted more psychologists to practice therapy (rather than work in
academia)? Why - in what way did the Department of Veteran's Affairs influence the
development of clinical psychology? - Answer -WWII. Many veterans returned home
with shell shock . The Department of Veterans' Affairs requested for the formal training
of clinical psychologists and gave funding for more training. This led to more
accreditation of clinical psychology
Who is Richard mcfall? Why was he giving a speech and to whom was he speaking? -
Answer -Professor in Indiana University. Speech given to division 12 of the American
psychological association about the future of scientist-practitioner training
What is the Cardinal Principle of the Manifesto? - Answer -Scientific Clinical
Psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology
What did he identify as the major obstacles/counterarguments to the proposed Cardinal
Principle? - Answer --science doesn't have all of the answers yet
-Clinical practice-difference between science and practice
Why does mcfall believe the Boulder model of training ("scientist-practitioner") is
misleading? - Answer -It separates the two. He argues that practice IS science
According to mcfall, "clinicians must ensure that their practice is _________________" -
Answer -scientific
According to mcfall, what is the only form of legitimate clinical psychology? - Answer -
Scientific kind
What is the first corollary of the Manifesto and what is its primary purpose? - Answer -
Psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under strict
experiential control) until they have satisfied 4 criteria
What are the 4 criteria of the first corollary? - Answer -1. The exact nature of the
service must be desired clearly
2. The claimed benefits of the service must be states explicitly
3. These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically
4. Possible negative side effects that might outweigh any benefits must be ruled out
empirically
How did the perception of mental illness change from pre 1700s, late 1700s, and mid
1800s - Answer -pre 1700s: demonic possession
Late 1700s: moral therapy pinel/tuke
Mid 1800: dorothea dix
Who was lightner witmer? Why is he important - Answer -the father of clinical
psychology
-studied under cattell wundt (founder of psychology as a whole)
-opened first clinic at upenn
-founder of school psychology (known for IQ testing for children)
Why is lightner witmer often criticized? - Answer -he was critical, impolite, and
argumentative
-his ideas were not testable (presented theories as facts not hypothesis)
-ideas were ahead of the time and against mainstream ideas
Who is the father of clinical psychology intervention? - Answer -sigmund freud
-late 1800s
-first systematically developed psychotherapeutic techniques
Who is the father of clinical psychology assessment? - Answer -kraeplin
-1899
-analyzed symptom similarities and differences among large groups of people
-cocurring symptoms=syndromes
What was the role of IQ testing in war? - Answer -during WWI people were evaluated
for mental fitness of military recruits
-army alpha tests were verbal and army beta tests were nonverbal
What 2 things did WWI IQ testing lead to? - Answer -1)Standardization and normative
comparison
2)Discipline of clinical psychology officially recognized by APA-1919
What happened in WWII? - Answer -veterans needed for counseling
-not enough psychiatrists=turned to clinical psychologists for help
-VA funded new training programs for psychologists
What happened from the 1940s and 1960s (think of after the war) - Answer --significant
growth in clinical psychology
-new therapies (behavioral and experimental)
-new tests (personality)
-first DSM published in 1952
,Challenging the status quo: clinical v. Statistical assessment (meehl) - Answer -
psychologists believed we were putting too much emphasis on the clinical aspect of
assessment and that people were using subjective opinions to assess them rather than
standardized tools
Challenging the status quo: personality v. Environment assessment (mischel) - Answer
-people were putting too much emphasis on the role that personality played in their
behavior and weren't talking about the environment to see what was context-dependent
Challenging the status quo: eysenck v. Psychotherapy assessment - Answer -eyesenck
believed that therapy was not working and that something should change
What did people who challenged the pscyh field lead to? - Answer -more
standardization of assessment
How did assessment change? - Answer --empirically based behavioral rating scales for
children
-refinement of the MMPI
-DSM III- specific criteria to improve reliability
What were the perceptions of mental illness that prompted reformers to improve
treatment conditions for those with mental illness? - Answer -Mentally ill people were
perceived as possessing evil spirits, deserving of their symptoms due to some previous
actions, and were frequently shunned by society.
How did Tuke reform treatment for individuals with mental illness (i.e., what did they do
differently to improve the treatment conditions for individuals with mental illness?) -
Answer -created "The York Retreat," in England a residential treatment center where
mentally ill are cared for with kindness (difference was idea of "retreat" rather than
mental institutions")
How did Pinel reform treatment for individuals with mental illness (i.e., what did they do
differently to improve the treatment conditions for individuals with mental illness?) -
Answer -moved mentally ill out of dungeons in Paris where they were treated as
inmates
One of the first major advocates for individuals with mental illness in the U.S. was
Dorothea Dix. She was first exposed to the improper treatment of individuals with
mental illness in what setting? - Answer -A jail in Boston that she had worked at
What instrumental role did Emil Kraeplin have in the development of the field of Clinical
Psychology - Answer -He differentiated exogenous disorders (caused by external
factors, more treatable), from endogenous disorder and assigned names to specific
disorders (set a precedent for DSM)
, What "activity" or clinical practice characterized the field of clinical psychology more
than any other in the early years (e.g., early 20th century)? - Answer -DSM III-provide
specific diagnostic criteria, induced a multiaxial system (cataloguing problems of
different takins on different axes), and greater size due to more discovered disorders
When did therapy begin to play a significant role in the field of clinical psychology? -
Answer -1940s/1950s
What "event" prompted more psychologists to practice therapy (rather than work in
academia)? Why - in what way did the Department of Veteran's Affairs influence the
development of clinical psychology? - Answer -WWII. Many veterans returned home
with shell shock . The Department of Veterans' Affairs requested for the formal training
of clinical psychologists and gave funding for more training. This led to more
accreditation of clinical psychology
Who is Richard mcfall? Why was he giving a speech and to whom was he speaking? -
Answer -Professor in Indiana University. Speech given to division 12 of the American
psychological association about the future of scientist-practitioner training
What is the Cardinal Principle of the Manifesto? - Answer -Scientific Clinical
Psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology
What did he identify as the major obstacles/counterarguments to the proposed Cardinal
Principle? - Answer --science doesn't have all of the answers yet
-Clinical practice-difference between science and practice
Why does mcfall believe the Boulder model of training ("scientist-practitioner") is
misleading? - Answer -It separates the two. He argues that practice IS science
According to mcfall, "clinicians must ensure that their practice is _________________" -
Answer -scientific
According to mcfall, what is the only form of legitimate clinical psychology? - Answer -
Scientific kind
What is the first corollary of the Manifesto and what is its primary purpose? - Answer -
Psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under strict
experiential control) until they have satisfied 4 criteria
What are the 4 criteria of the first corollary? - Answer -1. The exact nature of the
service must be desired clearly
2. The claimed benefits of the service must be states explicitly
3. These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically
4. Possible negative side effects that might outweigh any benefits must be ruled out
empirically
