UF BSC2011 EXAM 2 ANIMALS |192
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what puts constraint on animal form and function? - -evolution and natural selection
-ICF - -intrecellular fluid. the fluid that is contained in cells. makes up 2/3 of the body's
water
-ECF - -extracellular fluid. makes up the remaining 1/3 of the body's fluid. 75% is
interstitial fluid, 25% is plasma.
-advantages of multicellularity - -allow for complex organisms to evolve because different
cellular functions can exist.
allows cells a better chance at surviving because they can rely on eachother
-what are the two barriers? - -cell membranes: a barrier into and out of the cell
epithelia: control movement into and out of organs and tissues
-epithelial tissue - -protect, absorb, secrete
line the insides of organs and blood vessels and the outside of the body. SENSORY
FUNCTION
-nervous tissue - -signal transduction, communciation throughout the body.
-muscle tissue - -movement and support
-connective tissue - -serves to connect the entire body. adipose tissue, blood, bones. also
helps with support
the type of connective tissue is determined by concentration of ECF
-central theme of physiology - -homeostasis
-positive feedback - -amplifies the stimulus that creates the error message
birth, urination, sexual climax, molting
-negative feedback - -the response serves to dampen the stimulus that is creating the error
message. examples are some hormone pathways, temeprature, stress levels (cortisol)
-endotherms - -get heat from metabolic processes. regulators. increased metabolic rate to
compensate for temperature changes in environment and the need to regulate their
internal temperature.
, -ectotherms - -regulate their temperature to that of the environment. have low metabolic
rates, but they do increase slowly as temperature increases.
-cellular respiration - -12h2o+6co2=glucose+6O2
-what happens to CO2 in water - -it becomes carbonic acid, which then dissociates into
bicarbonate and ions, which go to the lungs, reform CO2, and get breathed out
-what way does gas flow - -down the partial pressure gradient
-what percent of air is oxygen - -21%
-what gas diffuses more easily into water? - -CO2 because of dipoles
-oxygen - -oxygen is easier to get from the air because air is less viscous and less dense
than water, air also contains about 20X the amount of oxygen as water.
-summary of the transport of gases in the body - -inhalation (bulk flow)
diffusion across epithelial cells
circulation (bulk flow)
diffusion across epithelial surfaces into tissues
-ficks equation - -q=da(p1-p2)/l
q=flow rate
d=diffusion constant
a=cross sectional area of membrane
p1-p2=pp difference
l=membrane thiccness
-kroghs rule - -states that oxygen can diffuse over distances smaller or equal to .5mm
-flatworms and sponges (breathing) - -kroghs rule. rely on simple diffusion
-how do amphibians breath - -through their skin (high water loss, but works in water and
in the air)
close their mouth to use positive pressure to get air into lungs. countercurrent gas
exchange in vessels. bidirectional/tidal air flow.
-how do birds breath - -unidirectional air flow over respiratory organs. increases partial
pressure difference
first breath: air is breathed in and goes to posterior air sacs
first exhale: air is moved from posterior air sas into parabronchi where gas exchange takes
place
second inhale: air moves from parabronchi/lungs into the anterior air sacs
second exhale: air is moved out of the bird from the anterior air sacs
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what puts constraint on animal form and function? - -evolution and natural selection
-ICF - -intrecellular fluid. the fluid that is contained in cells. makes up 2/3 of the body's
water
-ECF - -extracellular fluid. makes up the remaining 1/3 of the body's fluid. 75% is
interstitial fluid, 25% is plasma.
-advantages of multicellularity - -allow for complex organisms to evolve because different
cellular functions can exist.
allows cells a better chance at surviving because they can rely on eachother
-what are the two barriers? - -cell membranes: a barrier into and out of the cell
epithelia: control movement into and out of organs and tissues
-epithelial tissue - -protect, absorb, secrete
line the insides of organs and blood vessels and the outside of the body. SENSORY
FUNCTION
-nervous tissue - -signal transduction, communciation throughout the body.
-muscle tissue - -movement and support
-connective tissue - -serves to connect the entire body. adipose tissue, blood, bones. also
helps with support
the type of connective tissue is determined by concentration of ECF
-central theme of physiology - -homeostasis
-positive feedback - -amplifies the stimulus that creates the error message
birth, urination, sexual climax, molting
-negative feedback - -the response serves to dampen the stimulus that is creating the error
message. examples are some hormone pathways, temeprature, stress levels (cortisol)
-endotherms - -get heat from metabolic processes. regulators. increased metabolic rate to
compensate for temperature changes in environment and the need to regulate their
internal temperature.
, -ectotherms - -regulate their temperature to that of the environment. have low metabolic
rates, but they do increase slowly as temperature increases.
-cellular respiration - -12h2o+6co2=glucose+6O2
-what happens to CO2 in water - -it becomes carbonic acid, which then dissociates into
bicarbonate and ions, which go to the lungs, reform CO2, and get breathed out
-what way does gas flow - -down the partial pressure gradient
-what percent of air is oxygen - -21%
-what gas diffuses more easily into water? - -CO2 because of dipoles
-oxygen - -oxygen is easier to get from the air because air is less viscous and less dense
than water, air also contains about 20X the amount of oxygen as water.
-summary of the transport of gases in the body - -inhalation (bulk flow)
diffusion across epithelial cells
circulation (bulk flow)
diffusion across epithelial surfaces into tissues
-ficks equation - -q=da(p1-p2)/l
q=flow rate
d=diffusion constant
a=cross sectional area of membrane
p1-p2=pp difference
l=membrane thiccness
-kroghs rule - -states that oxygen can diffuse over distances smaller or equal to .5mm
-flatworms and sponges (breathing) - -kroghs rule. rely on simple diffusion
-how do amphibians breath - -through their skin (high water loss, but works in water and
in the air)
close their mouth to use positive pressure to get air into lungs. countercurrent gas
exchange in vessels. bidirectional/tidal air flow.
-how do birds breath - -unidirectional air flow over respiratory organs. increases partial
pressure difference
first breath: air is breathed in and goes to posterior air sacs
first exhale: air is moved from posterior air sas into parabronchi where gas exchange takes
place
second inhale: air moves from parabronchi/lungs into the anterior air sacs
second exhale: air is moved out of the bird from the anterior air sacs
