De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
COURSE OUTLINE: LONG EXAM 2 ○ Acts as a pheromone and triggers a fright
reaction in nearby members of the species
1. Integumentary System (PDF)
2. Comparative Features of the Integumentary
System
3. Vertebrae, Ribs, Sterna
4. Skull and Visceral Skeleton
5. Appendicular System
6. Muscular System
REFERENCES
Lecture PPTs and Recordings
Comparative Features of the Multicellular Epidermal Glands
Integumentary System ●
●
Relatively uncommon in fishes
Hagfishes have large slime glands
● Some teleosts have poison glands that produce
Fish Integument toxic materials and are often associated with fin
spines
Epidermis
● Integument of fishes is similar in its basic structure
● Epidermis is relatively thin and most cells are alive
● Surface cells are covered with microridges that
increase the surface areafor exchange between the
animal and its environment
● Keratin may be deposited in limited areas such as
horny teeth of cyclostomes and tubercles that
develop in many fishes during mating season
Photophores
● Light-emitting glands in deep-sea teleosts
● Upper part of the gland consists of modified mucous
cells acting as magnifying lens and lower part
contains are light-emitting cells
● Cells below are in contact with melanophores and in
blood cells which is the source of raw materials
○ Luciferase + luciferin = light
Unicellular Epidermal Glands: Goblet Cells
● Secrete only mucus
● Forms a mucous cuticle and a generally slimy
surface together with secretions of surface cells
○ Reduce water exchanges between the fish
and its environment and helps the
excretory system maintains a stable
internal environment
● Protects the body from bacterial invasion and
attachment of ectoparasites
Unicellular Epidermal Glands: Granular Cells
● Secretes mucus and additional ingredients mostly
of unkown functions ● The light is not intense and usually of many hues
● Alkaloids which are products of granular cells are ● Functions for:
not common ○ Species and sex identification
● Some contains an alarm substance is released ○ Lure for prey in carnivores or is a warning
when the fish is injured, and the skin is ruptured that it is a carnivore
1 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
○ Concealment by countershading
Epidermis of Agnathans
Dermis
● Highly mitotic, multi-layered epidermis with
unicellular mucous glands ● Collagen fibers are generally more regularly
● No keratinized or conified layer arranged than of other vertebrates
● Horny denticles on buccal funnel or teeth are the ● Develop in layers that spiral around the body in
only keratinized structures approximately 45 degrees angle to the longitudinal
axis with adjacent layers perpendicular to each
other
● Fiber arrangement strengthens the skin so that
body shape is maintained during swimming
● Acts as exotendon transmitting muscular force
Epidermis of Cartilaginous Fishes
● Multi-layered than agnathans
● Not as much unicellular glands except in chimeras
● Localized glands:
○ Goblet cells - sting ray
Dermal Scales
○ Multicellular glands - male claspers
● Photophores in the dermis are modified epidermal ● lampreys and hagfish lack scales
glands that lost connection with the epidermis ● Scales evolved separately in the cartilaginous and
bony fishes
Epidermis of Bony Fishes ● Types:
○ Placoid scales
● Top layer composed of stratified epidermal cells that ○ Cosmoid
do not undergo keratinization ○ Ganoid
● Lowermost layer is the basal layer ○ Elasmoid
● Glands are mostly unicellular (mucous coat on skin) ● 'Ganoid' and 'Elasmoid'
with feww multicellular and granular glands ○ scales of bony fishes with only two layers,
● Photophores for recognition or warning (1) calcified and (2) fibrous
Dermal Scales
● scales of sharks and rays
● made of bone and resemble teeth
● do not grow with the animal
● they are of a single size
● have a soft central area (the pulp), a middle layer of
dentine and a hard outer layer of enamel
● when the animal grows, space opens up and new
denticles grow to fill
● do not overlap as do the scales of bony fishes
● Most sharks have a complete covering of denticles
arranged in a repeating diamond pattern
2 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
● species that are dorsoventrally flattened such as the ● most common form of scale
skates and rays tend to have many fewer denticles ● thin plate that you find on most fishes
● two types of elasmoid scales:
○ ctenoid - have set of fine teeth along
posterior edge
○ cycloid - simply rounded on the
outer/posterior edge
● Sea Perces (Epinephelus sp.) - have mostly ctenoid
scales above the lateral line and cycloid below
● Dabs (Limanda sp.) - have ctenoid scales on the
upper colored surface and cycloid scales on the
lower white surface
Cosmoid Scales
● found only on the Ceolocanths (Latimeria sp.) or as
fossils
● scales of bony fish with four layers:
○ dense bone
○ spongy bone
○ dentine
○ enamel
Scales of modern fish
● embedded in the dermis and are covered entirely by
the epidermis
● grow as fish grow
● scale patterns show old a fish is and also how many
times it has spanwed and if it has been seriously ill
Ganoid Scales
● derived from cosmoid scales
● found on Bichirs, Gars, and Sturgeons Amphibian Integument
● hard solid scales
Epidermis
● Skin of amphibian is relatively thin but epidermal
cells synthesize keratin
● As it accumulates, cells die and the stratum
corneum is formed
o seldom more than 1 to 2 layers thick to
allow cutaneous respiration
o Desquamated periodically and is
hormonally controlled
o Not sloughed off in toads and they just
continually pile up
● Highly glandular
o Glands aid in survival of land-adpated
anurans
● Cornified appendages are rare
Elasmoid Scale Epidermal Glands
3 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
● Mostly multicellular mucus or granular glands ● Dermal chromatophores in other species can elicit
● Tailed aquatic amphibians have the most number of color change
multicellular glands ● Bony scales (osteoderms) present in head of
○ Secretions keep the skin moist when they caecilians and a few tropical toads at the back
are on land
● Glands on digits serves as holdfasts in trees or Reptile Integument
glands on thumbpads during breeding season
serves as restraint for females Reptile Integument
● show more advanced integumental adaptations to
the terrestrial environment because they are more
far-removed from the water
● cells are more highly keratinized
● The integument ios modified into horny scales in
snakes and lizards
Epidermis
● Represents the ultimate adaptation of craniate skin
for surviving in an arid and hostile environment
● With many localized modifications:
○ horny scales
○ scutes
○ beaks
○ rattles
○ claws
○ plaques
○ spiny crests
○ found on the stratum corneum
Granular Glands ● In snakes, the scales on the ventrak surface can be
● Present in toads further modified into scutes, which can be used in
● Secrete irritating alkaloids which are defensive in locomotion
nature or pheromones used during breeding
● Restricted to a localized area of the body
Keratin
● Aquatic urodeles have thin desiccation-impending
stratum of cornified cells ● In turtles, the epidermis is strongly modified into
● Anurans tadpoles have horny tooth like structures plates that cover the shell, and because they
which is shed during metamorphosis increase in diameter each year, they can be used to
age the animals
Dermis
● Firmly attached to underlying muscles in apodans
and urodeles
● Anurans have lymph sinuses separating it from
muscles Molting or Shedding
4 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
COURSE OUTLINE: LONG EXAM 2 ○ Acts as a pheromone and triggers a fright
reaction in nearby members of the species
1. Integumentary System (PDF)
2. Comparative Features of the Integumentary
System
3. Vertebrae, Ribs, Sterna
4. Skull and Visceral Skeleton
5. Appendicular System
6. Muscular System
REFERENCES
Lecture PPTs and Recordings
Comparative Features of the Multicellular Epidermal Glands
Integumentary System ●
●
Relatively uncommon in fishes
Hagfishes have large slime glands
● Some teleosts have poison glands that produce
Fish Integument toxic materials and are often associated with fin
spines
Epidermis
● Integument of fishes is similar in its basic structure
● Epidermis is relatively thin and most cells are alive
● Surface cells are covered with microridges that
increase the surface areafor exchange between the
animal and its environment
● Keratin may be deposited in limited areas such as
horny teeth of cyclostomes and tubercles that
develop in many fishes during mating season
Photophores
● Light-emitting glands in deep-sea teleosts
● Upper part of the gland consists of modified mucous
cells acting as magnifying lens and lower part
contains are light-emitting cells
● Cells below are in contact with melanophores and in
blood cells which is the source of raw materials
○ Luciferase + luciferin = light
Unicellular Epidermal Glands: Goblet Cells
● Secrete only mucus
● Forms a mucous cuticle and a generally slimy
surface together with secretions of surface cells
○ Reduce water exchanges between the fish
and its environment and helps the
excretory system maintains a stable
internal environment
● Protects the body from bacterial invasion and
attachment of ectoparasites
Unicellular Epidermal Glands: Granular Cells
● Secretes mucus and additional ingredients mostly
of unkown functions ● The light is not intense and usually of many hues
● Alkaloids which are products of granular cells are ● Functions for:
not common ○ Species and sex identification
● Some contains an alarm substance is released ○ Lure for prey in carnivores or is a warning
when the fish is injured, and the skin is ruptured that it is a carnivore
1 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
○ Concealment by countershading
Epidermis of Agnathans
Dermis
● Highly mitotic, multi-layered epidermis with
unicellular mucous glands ● Collagen fibers are generally more regularly
● No keratinized or conified layer arranged than of other vertebrates
● Horny denticles on buccal funnel or teeth are the ● Develop in layers that spiral around the body in
only keratinized structures approximately 45 degrees angle to the longitudinal
axis with adjacent layers perpendicular to each
other
● Fiber arrangement strengthens the skin so that
body shape is maintained during swimming
● Acts as exotendon transmitting muscular force
Epidermis of Cartilaginous Fishes
● Multi-layered than agnathans
● Not as much unicellular glands except in chimeras
● Localized glands:
○ Goblet cells - sting ray
Dermal Scales
○ Multicellular glands - male claspers
● Photophores in the dermis are modified epidermal ● lampreys and hagfish lack scales
glands that lost connection with the epidermis ● Scales evolved separately in the cartilaginous and
bony fishes
Epidermis of Bony Fishes ● Types:
○ Placoid scales
● Top layer composed of stratified epidermal cells that ○ Cosmoid
do not undergo keratinization ○ Ganoid
● Lowermost layer is the basal layer ○ Elasmoid
● Glands are mostly unicellular (mucous coat on skin) ● 'Ganoid' and 'Elasmoid'
with feww multicellular and granular glands ○ scales of bony fishes with only two layers,
● Photophores for recognition or warning (1) calcified and (2) fibrous
Dermal Scales
● scales of sharks and rays
● made of bone and resemble teeth
● do not grow with the animal
● they are of a single size
● have a soft central area (the pulp), a middle layer of
dentine and a hard outer layer of enamel
● when the animal grows, space opens up and new
denticles grow to fill
● do not overlap as do the scales of bony fishes
● Most sharks have a complete covering of denticles
arranged in a repeating diamond pattern
2 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
● species that are dorsoventrally flattened such as the ● most common form of scale
skates and rays tend to have many fewer denticles ● thin plate that you find on most fishes
● two types of elasmoid scales:
○ ctenoid - have set of fine teeth along
posterior edge
○ cycloid - simply rounded on the
outer/posterior edge
● Sea Perces (Epinephelus sp.) - have mostly ctenoid
scales above the lateral line and cycloid below
● Dabs (Limanda sp.) - have ctenoid scales on the
upper colored surface and cycloid scales on the
lower white surface
Cosmoid Scales
● found only on the Ceolocanths (Latimeria sp.) or as
fossils
● scales of bony fish with four layers:
○ dense bone
○ spongy bone
○ dentine
○ enamel
Scales of modern fish
● embedded in the dermis and are covered entirely by
the epidermis
● grow as fish grow
● scale patterns show old a fish is and also how many
times it has spanwed and if it has been seriously ill
Ganoid Scales
● derived from cosmoid scales
● found on Bichirs, Gars, and Sturgeons Amphibian Integument
● hard solid scales
Epidermis
● Skin of amphibian is relatively thin but epidermal
cells synthesize keratin
● As it accumulates, cells die and the stratum
corneum is formed
o seldom more than 1 to 2 layers thick to
allow cutaneous respiration
o Desquamated periodically and is
hormonally controlled
o Not sloughed off in toads and they just
continually pile up
● Highly glandular
o Glands aid in survival of land-adpated
anurans
● Cornified appendages are rare
Elasmoid Scale Epidermal Glands
3 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
, De La Salle University
College of Science, BIO-MED, ID 121
COMPANA - Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Doc. Rosita Roldan Gan
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
● Mostly multicellular mucus or granular glands ● Dermal chromatophores in other species can elicit
● Tailed aquatic amphibians have the most number of color change
multicellular glands ● Bony scales (osteoderms) present in head of
○ Secretions keep the skin moist when they caecilians and a few tropical toads at the back
are on land
● Glands on digits serves as holdfasts in trees or Reptile Integument
glands on thumbpads during breeding season
serves as restraint for females Reptile Integument
● show more advanced integumental adaptations to
the terrestrial environment because they are more
far-removed from the water
● cells are more highly keratinized
● The integument ios modified into horny scales in
snakes and lizards
Epidermis
● Represents the ultimate adaptation of craniate skin
for surviving in an arid and hostile environment
● With many localized modifications:
○ horny scales
○ scutes
○ beaks
○ rattles
○ claws
○ plaques
○ spiny crests
○ found on the stratum corneum
Granular Glands ● In snakes, the scales on the ventrak surface can be
● Present in toads further modified into scutes, which can be used in
● Secrete irritating alkaloids which are defensive in locomotion
nature or pheromones used during breeding
● Restricted to a localized area of the body
Keratin
● Aquatic urodeles have thin desiccation-impending
stratum of cornified cells ● In turtles, the epidermis is strongly modified into
● Anurans tadpoles have horny tooth like structures plates that cover the shell, and because they
which is shed during metamorphosis increase in diameter each year, they can be used to
age the animals
Dermis
● Firmly attached to underlying muscles in apodans
and urodeles
● Anurans have lymph sinuses separating it from
muscles Molting or Shedding
4 I COMPANA Long Exam 2
