NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - correct answer ventricles relax and
intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of
the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - correct answer closing of semilunar (aortic and
pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - correct answer semilunar valves
Stenosis of heart valve - correct answer A narrowing of the valve opening, causing
turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - correct answer Narrowing of the heart
valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include
chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
heart failure - correct answer cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart
to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
Left sided heart failure characteristic - correct answer inability of the left ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - correct answer systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - correct answer The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - correct
answer damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Biventricular failure - correct answer unresolved left sided heart failure will increase
pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - correct answer - high systemic
vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
- blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - correct answer the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
cor pulmonale - correct answer right-sided heart failure
right sided heart failure - correct answer inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation
Causes of right sided heart failure - correct answer - pulmonary disease
- pulmonary hypertension
- RV MI
- RV Hypertrophy
- pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage
- secondary to left heart failure
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure - correct answer
pulmonary hypertension
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Progression of right sided heart failure - correct answer - damage causes the right
ventricle to increase contraction force to eject/unload the blood
- over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable to eject the normal amount of
blood
- the blood remaining in the RV increases and RA preload increases until the RA is
unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the RA
- the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium increases causing an increase in
RA preload
- blood volum enad pressure then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure - correct answer jugular vein
distension
hepatosplenomegaly
peripheral edema
Why does hepatosplenomegaly develop in right sided heart failure - correct answer
the large volume of blood flow through the liver and spleen causes these areas to be
engorged
why does peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure - correct answer
Increased pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral
tissues and flood those areas
High output failure - correct answer inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts
of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body despite normal blood volume and
cardiac contractility
causes of high output failure - correct answer Severe anemia
Nutritional deficiencies
Hyperthyroidism
Sepsis
Extreme febrile state
, NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Process of high output failure - correct answer - impaired oxygen delivery of
excessive tissue oxygen demands cause tissue hypoxia
- catecholamines initiation increase HR and stroke volume
- increased cardiac output is produced but depletes cardiac muscle reserve overtime
and leads to low output failure over time
Troponin-Calcium Binding - correct answer Calcium binds to troponin on the thin
filament
sliding filament theory - correct answer theory that actin filaments slide toward each
other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
Hematopoiesis - correct answer formation of blood cells
Where does blood cell formation occur in a fetus - correct answer 3 weeks - yolk
week 8 - fetal liver and spleen
5th month - bone marrow
Blood cell formation in chidren 0-5 years old - correct answer red marrow of all
bones to make blood cells
blood cell formation in adults over 20 - correct answer red marrow in large bones
-illium, vertebrae, cranium, jaw, sternum, ribs, humerus, and femur
Erythropietin - correct answer Produce: Kidney (small amount in liver)
Released: Kidney
Target: Bone Marrow
Functions: Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
hematopoietic stem cells - correct answer The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC
and platelets through the process of haematopoiesis.
How does a hematopoietic stem cell produce a red blood cell - correct answer
hematopoietic stem cells produces an unndifferentiated hemocytoblast
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - correct answer ventricles relax and
intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of
the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - correct answer closing of semilunar (aortic and
pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - correct answer semilunar valves
Stenosis of heart valve - correct answer A narrowing of the valve opening, causing
turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - correct answer Narrowing of the heart
valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include
chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
heart failure - correct answer cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart
to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
Left sided heart failure characteristic - correct answer inability of the left ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - correct answer systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - correct answer The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - correct
answer damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Biventricular failure - correct answer unresolved left sided heart failure will increase
pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - correct answer - high systemic
vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
- blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - correct answer the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
cor pulmonale - correct answer right-sided heart failure
right sided heart failure - correct answer inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation
Causes of right sided heart failure - correct answer - pulmonary disease
- pulmonary hypertension
- RV MI
- RV Hypertrophy
- pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage
- secondary to left heart failure
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure - correct answer
pulmonary hypertension
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Progression of right sided heart failure - correct answer - damage causes the right
ventricle to increase contraction force to eject/unload the blood
- over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable to eject the normal amount of
blood
- the blood remaining in the RV increases and RA preload increases until the RA is
unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the RA
- the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium increases causing an increase in
RA preload
- blood volum enad pressure then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure - correct answer jugular vein
distension
hepatosplenomegaly
peripheral edema
Why does hepatosplenomegaly develop in right sided heart failure - correct answer
the large volume of blood flow through the liver and spleen causes these areas to be
engorged
why does peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure - correct answer
Increased pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral
tissues and flood those areas
High output failure - correct answer inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts
of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body despite normal blood volume and
cardiac contractility
causes of high output failure - correct answer Severe anemia
Nutritional deficiencies
Hyperthyroidism
Sepsis
Extreme febrile state
, NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Process of high output failure - correct answer - impaired oxygen delivery of
excessive tissue oxygen demands cause tissue hypoxia
- catecholamines initiation increase HR and stroke volume
- increased cardiac output is produced but depletes cardiac muscle reserve overtime
and leads to low output failure over time
Troponin-Calcium Binding - correct answer Calcium binds to troponin on the thin
filament
sliding filament theory - correct answer theory that actin filaments slide toward each
other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
Hematopoiesis - correct answer formation of blood cells
Where does blood cell formation occur in a fetus - correct answer 3 weeks - yolk
week 8 - fetal liver and spleen
5th month - bone marrow
Blood cell formation in chidren 0-5 years old - correct answer red marrow of all
bones to make blood cells
blood cell formation in adults over 20 - correct answer red marrow in large bones
-illium, vertebrae, cranium, jaw, sternum, ribs, humerus, and femur
Erythropietin - correct answer Produce: Kidney (small amount in liver)
Released: Kidney
Target: Bone Marrow
Functions: Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
hematopoietic stem cells - correct answer The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC
and platelets through the process of haematopoiesis.
How does a hematopoietic stem cell produce a red blood cell - correct answer
hematopoietic stem cells produces an unndifferentiated hemocytoblast
