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NURS 5220 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ Q AND
ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What factors can alter the metabolism of benzodiazepines?
Disease and age.
What is the duration of action of benzodiazepines primarily determined by?
The α phase (distribution-redistribution from CNS) dynamics rather than the rate
of elimination.
What are the pharmacodynamic effects of benzodiazepines on the CNS?
CNS depressant effects including anxiolysis, sedation, sleep, anticonvulsant,
amnesia, muscle relaxation, and inhibition of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
What effect do high doses of benzodiazepines have on CMR02 & CBF?
They reduce CMR02 & CBF.
How do benzodiazepines work?
They promote the binding of GABA to the GABAA receptor, enhancing GABA-
induced chloride currents and inhibiting neuronal cell excitation.
How are benzodiazepines metabolized?
They are oxidized in the liver via CYP enzymes, primarily CYP3A4.
What are the active metabolites of benzodiazepines?
Diazepam (with a half-life exceeding 100 hours) and midazolam (rapidly
metabolized to an α-hydroxylated compound with biologic activity).
Which benzodiazepines have no active metabolites?
Oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam.
, 2
What effect do benzodiazepines have on the threshold to local anesthetic-induced
seizures?
They increase the threshold to local anesthetic-induced seizures.
What is the dose-related effect of benzodiazepines on anterograde amnesia?
They cause anterograde amnesia at high doses.
What are the potential drawbacks of benzodiazepine use?
Awareness regarding addiction, withdrawal, recreational abuse, and the
development of other drug classes has led to a decline in their use.
Which CYP enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of
benzodiazepines?
CYP3A4.
Which benzodiazepine has a half-life exceeding 100 hours?
Diazepam.
Which benzodiazepine is rapidly metabolized to an α-hydroxylated compound
with biologic activity?
Midazolam.
Which benzodiazepines have no active metabolites?
Oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam.
What is the primary factor determining the duration of action of benzodiazepines?
The α phase dynamics of distribution-redistribution from the CNS.
What are the CNS depressant effects of benzodiazepines?
Anxiolysis, sedation, sleep, anticonvulsant, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and
inhibition of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
What effect do high doses of benzodiazepines have on CMR02 & CBF?
They reduce CMR02 & CBF.
, 3
What effect do benzodiazepines have on the threshold to local anesthetic-induced
seizures?
They increase the threshold to local anesthetic-induced seizures.
What is the dose-related effect of benzodiazepines on anterograde amnesia?
They cause anterograde amnesia at high doses.
What does midazolam achieve at low doses?
Rapid onset, short duration of action, and half-life
How long does the effect of midazolam usually last?
20-30 minutes
Does midazolam produce reliable retrograde amnesia?
No
What is midazolam commonly used for?
Preoperative sedation, anxiolysis, sedation, and amnesia
What are the cardiovascular effects of midazolam?
Minimal effects in commonly used doses, decrease in blood pressure when
combined with opioids in patients with heart disease or the elderly
What are the respiratory effects of midazolam?
Dose-dependent respiratory depression, increased when combined with other
CNS depressants, most respiratory depressing benzodiazepine
How do hypnotic doses of benzodiazepines affect sleep-related breathing
disorders?
Worsen by adversely affecting control of upper airway muscles and decreasing
ventilatory response to CO2
What are the adverse effects of midazolam?
NURS 5220 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ Q AND
ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What factors can alter the metabolism of benzodiazepines?
Disease and age.
What is the duration of action of benzodiazepines primarily determined by?
The α phase (distribution-redistribution from CNS) dynamics rather than the rate
of elimination.
What are the pharmacodynamic effects of benzodiazepines on the CNS?
CNS depressant effects including anxiolysis, sedation, sleep, anticonvulsant,
amnesia, muscle relaxation, and inhibition of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
What effect do high doses of benzodiazepines have on CMR02 & CBF?
They reduce CMR02 & CBF.
How do benzodiazepines work?
They promote the binding of GABA to the GABAA receptor, enhancing GABA-
induced chloride currents and inhibiting neuronal cell excitation.
How are benzodiazepines metabolized?
They are oxidized in the liver via CYP enzymes, primarily CYP3A4.
What are the active metabolites of benzodiazepines?
Diazepam (with a half-life exceeding 100 hours) and midazolam (rapidly
metabolized to an α-hydroxylated compound with biologic activity).
Which benzodiazepines have no active metabolites?
Oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam.
, 2
What effect do benzodiazepines have on the threshold to local anesthetic-induced
seizures?
They increase the threshold to local anesthetic-induced seizures.
What is the dose-related effect of benzodiazepines on anterograde amnesia?
They cause anterograde amnesia at high doses.
What are the potential drawbacks of benzodiazepine use?
Awareness regarding addiction, withdrawal, recreational abuse, and the
development of other drug classes has led to a decline in their use.
Which CYP enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of
benzodiazepines?
CYP3A4.
Which benzodiazepine has a half-life exceeding 100 hours?
Diazepam.
Which benzodiazepine is rapidly metabolized to an α-hydroxylated compound
with biologic activity?
Midazolam.
Which benzodiazepines have no active metabolites?
Oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam.
What is the primary factor determining the duration of action of benzodiazepines?
The α phase dynamics of distribution-redistribution from the CNS.
What are the CNS depressant effects of benzodiazepines?
Anxiolysis, sedation, sleep, anticonvulsant, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and
inhibition of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
What effect do high doses of benzodiazepines have on CMR02 & CBF?
They reduce CMR02 & CBF.
, 3
What effect do benzodiazepines have on the threshold to local anesthetic-induced
seizures?
They increase the threshold to local anesthetic-induced seizures.
What is the dose-related effect of benzodiazepines on anterograde amnesia?
They cause anterograde amnesia at high doses.
What does midazolam achieve at low doses?
Rapid onset, short duration of action, and half-life
How long does the effect of midazolam usually last?
20-30 minutes
Does midazolam produce reliable retrograde amnesia?
No
What is midazolam commonly used for?
Preoperative sedation, anxiolysis, sedation, and amnesia
What are the cardiovascular effects of midazolam?
Minimal effects in commonly used doses, decrease in blood pressure when
combined with opioids in patients with heart disease or the elderly
What are the respiratory effects of midazolam?
Dose-dependent respiratory depression, increased when combined with other
CNS depressants, most respiratory depressing benzodiazepine
How do hypnotic doses of benzodiazepines affect sleep-related breathing
disorders?
Worsen by adversely affecting control of upper airway muscles and decreasing
ventilatory response to CO2
What are the adverse effects of midazolam?
