1
NUR2392 MODULE 4-6 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased intra-
abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough or hoarseness.
Esophageal Cancer
Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus),
obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum; caused by disruption of
mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers
Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers
, 2
Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers
Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and oropharyngeal cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
Gastric Cancer
Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high in
salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
Malnutrition
Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
Obesity
BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through education, lifestyle change,
or medical intervention.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk factors that cannot be changed but guide clinical vigilance and patient
education.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
, 3
Direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a flexible
scope.
- Indications: Persistent heartburn, dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight loss,
suspected ulcer or tumor.
Biopsy (during EGD)
Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples for histologic evaluation.
- Indications: To confirm H. pylori infection, diagnose Barrett's esophagus, or
detect cancer or celiac disease.
Capsule endoscopy
Swallowed wireless camera captures images throughout the GI tract.
- Indications: Useful for evaluating obscure bleeding or small bowel lesions that
are beyond EGD reach.
- Patient must pass capsule; contraindicated in obstruction.
Urea breath test
Patient ingests urea labeled with carbon; if H. pylori is present, CO2 is exhaled.
Avoid antibiotics, PPIs 2 weeks prior.
Stool antigen test
Detects H. pylori antigens in stool. Useful for diagnosis and confirmation of
eradication.
Albumin
Protein that has a longer half-life (2-3 weeks) and indicates chronic protein
deficiency. Low _______ levels suggest long-standing malnutrition, often
compounded by inflammation, malabsorption, or hepatic dysfunction seen in
advanced GI malignancy.
Prealbumin
NUR2392 MODULE 4-6 EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased intra-
abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough or hoarseness.
Esophageal Cancer
Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus),
obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum; caused by disruption of
mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers
Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers
, 2
Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers
Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and oropharyngeal cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
Gastric Cancer
Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high in
salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
Malnutrition
Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
Obesity
BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through education, lifestyle change,
or medical intervention.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk factors that cannot be changed but guide clinical vigilance and patient
education.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
, 3
Direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a flexible
scope.
- Indications: Persistent heartburn, dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight loss,
suspected ulcer or tumor.
Biopsy (during EGD)
Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples for histologic evaluation.
- Indications: To confirm H. pylori infection, diagnose Barrett's esophagus, or
detect cancer or celiac disease.
Capsule endoscopy
Swallowed wireless camera captures images throughout the GI tract.
- Indications: Useful for evaluating obscure bleeding or small bowel lesions that
are beyond EGD reach.
- Patient must pass capsule; contraindicated in obstruction.
Urea breath test
Patient ingests urea labeled with carbon; if H. pylori is present, CO2 is exhaled.
Avoid antibiotics, PPIs 2 weeks prior.
Stool antigen test
Detects H. pylori antigens in stool. Useful for diagnosis and confirmation of
eradication.
Albumin
Protein that has a longer half-life (2-3 weeks) and indicates chronic protein
deficiency. Low _______ levels suggest long-standing malnutrition, often
compounded by inflammation, malabsorption, or hepatic dysfunction seen in
advanced GI malignancy.
Prealbumin
