1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Negative feedback
oppose change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to that of the
initial disturbance (inhibitory)
ex: body temperature regulation
positive feedback
amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring in the body
ex: labor contractions
pathophysiology
the study of physiological processes associated with disease
autopoiesis
the idea that living organisms are self-organizing and maintaining while non living
structures are not.
characteristics of life
responsiveness and conductivity
growth and respiration
digestion and absorption
secretion and excretion
circulation and reproduction
Anatomy
, 2
the study of the structure of an organism and its discreet parts
physiology
the study of how the parts of the body function in relationship to one another
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions, despite changes to the
external or internal environment
example of homeostasis
blood glucose levels spiking and dipping to bring the levels back to a normal
range. when sugar is taken in and blood glucose spikes the hormone insulin comes
in to allow the glucose into the cells, when levels drop to low, glucogone is
released into the blood to get levels to rise to normal
feedback control loops
the basic components of homeostatic control mechanisms (sensor mechanism,
control center, effector mechanism, feedback to the sensory mechanism) 99.999%
of the body operates itself
example of feedback control loop
When the temperature drops, it activates a sensor mechanism (the body
temperature receptor) that sends input to an integrating/control center
(hypothalamus) which then sends input to an effector mechanism (contracting
muscle)
compound microscope
electron microscope
plasma membrane
constructed of phospholipids hydrophilic (towards water) and hydrophobic (away
from water) properties, embedded proteins, and cholesterol
cholesterol
, 3
a steroid lipid that strengthens the binding of the membrane components
plasma membrane functions
-controlling flow in and out of cells
-containing receptor molecules for binding hormones and chemicals triggering
metabolic changes and proteins binding one cell to another
-presenting membrane proteins that bind to supporting structures dictating shape
and motion of cells
-contains glycoproteins for recognition of self-non-self, proteins and
carbohydrates.
transport proteins
specific in what they allow through the cell membrane
receptor proteins
particular proteins attach, send message to the nucleus- hormones
endoplasmic reticulum
membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm- rough
and smooth varieties
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes, provide an area of storage and transport of the proteins
made on the ribosomes to other cell areas. external face synthesizes
phospholipids and cholesterol.
Smooth ER
has no function in protein synthesis, site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid
metabolism, and drug detoxification
Ribosomes
responsible for constructing proteins within the cell
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAM
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Negative feedback
oppose change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to that of the
initial disturbance (inhibitory)
ex: body temperature regulation
positive feedback
amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring in the body
ex: labor contractions
pathophysiology
the study of physiological processes associated with disease
autopoiesis
the idea that living organisms are self-organizing and maintaining while non living
structures are not.
characteristics of life
responsiveness and conductivity
growth and respiration
digestion and absorption
secretion and excretion
circulation and reproduction
Anatomy
, 2
the study of the structure of an organism and its discreet parts
physiology
the study of how the parts of the body function in relationship to one another
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions, despite changes to the
external or internal environment
example of homeostasis
blood glucose levels spiking and dipping to bring the levels back to a normal
range. when sugar is taken in and blood glucose spikes the hormone insulin comes
in to allow the glucose into the cells, when levels drop to low, glucogone is
released into the blood to get levels to rise to normal
feedback control loops
the basic components of homeostatic control mechanisms (sensor mechanism,
control center, effector mechanism, feedback to the sensory mechanism) 99.999%
of the body operates itself
example of feedback control loop
When the temperature drops, it activates a sensor mechanism (the body
temperature receptor) that sends input to an integrating/control center
(hypothalamus) which then sends input to an effector mechanism (contracting
muscle)
compound microscope
electron microscope
plasma membrane
constructed of phospholipids hydrophilic (towards water) and hydrophobic (away
from water) properties, embedded proteins, and cholesterol
cholesterol
, 3
a steroid lipid that strengthens the binding of the membrane components
plasma membrane functions
-controlling flow in and out of cells
-containing receptor molecules for binding hormones and chemicals triggering
metabolic changes and proteins binding one cell to another
-presenting membrane proteins that bind to supporting structures dictating shape
and motion of cells
-contains glycoproteins for recognition of self-non-self, proteins and
carbohydrates.
transport proteins
specific in what they allow through the cell membrane
receptor proteins
particular proteins attach, send message to the nucleus- hormones
endoplasmic reticulum
membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm- rough
and smooth varieties
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes, provide an area of storage and transport of the proteins
made on the ribosomes to other cell areas. external face synthesizes
phospholipids and cholesterol.
Smooth ER
has no function in protein synthesis, site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid
metabolism, and drug detoxification
Ribosomes
responsible for constructing proteins within the cell
