NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Pineal Gland - correct answer Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive
cells that secrete melatonin.
Melatonin - correct answer In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and
inhibited by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first converted to
serotonin than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - correct answer through a negative feedback
loop involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - correct answer synthesized and stored within
the hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - correct answer Cold or stress and
decreased levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - correct answer Anterior
pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? - correct
answer TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - correct answer increase in release of
stored thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in
thyroid hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins
by the thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - correct answer Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - correct answer TRH and TSH which
decreased TH synthesis and secretion.
T3 and T4 thyroid hormones regulate many functions in body. - correct answer
Calcitonin - correct answer Elevated serum calcium (major stimulant for calcitonin),
regulates gastrin, pregnancy, lowered serum calcium, (suppresses calcitonin release).
,NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by opposing bone resorbing effects of PTH,
prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
Thyroid hormones affect many body tissues and influence the genetic expression of
specific proteins. They affect cell metabolism by altering what? - correct answer
protein, fat and glucose metabolism, and as a result heat production and oxygen
consumption are increased.
Calcitonin are used to treat what? - correct answer Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget
bone disease, hypercalcemia, osteogensesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of
bone.
Precursor molecule to calcitonin is what? - correct answer procalcitonin (stress
hormone) which is elevated in infection and inflammation and can aid in diagnosing
disease.
Parathyroid glands. - correct answer 2 pairs but may range from 2-6. Located behind
the upper pole and lower pole of the thryoid gland.
Parathyroid gland produce what? - correct answer PTH
PTH works with Vitamin ? - correct answer Vitamin D to increase serum calcium
concentration and decrease serum phosphate level.
What other 2 things affect PTH levels? - correct answer Magnesium and phosphate
What is the function of PTH? - correct answer The overall effect of PTH secretion is to
increase serum calcium concentration and decrease serum phosphate level.
What acts as a stimulant to secrete PTH in people with normal calcium levels? -
correct answer Hypomagnesemia
What happens with PTH when a person with hypocalcemia have hypomagnesium? -
correct answer PTH secretion is decreased.
Hyperphosphatemia leads to what? - correct answer hypocalcemia because of calcium
phosphate precipitation in soft tissue and bone.
, NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Alterations in serum phosphate levels may indirectly influence PTH secretion by
affecting what? - correct answer serum calcium levels
PTH hormone effects are mediated by what? - correct answer Adenylyl cyclase system
To achieve regulation of serum calcium concentration, PTH acts directly on what? -
correct answer Bone and Kidneys
PTH secretion stimulates what? In acute hypocalcemia to release receptor activator for
nuclear factor-kappa beta ligan (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor
which results in osteoclasts proliferation, maturation and release of acidic enzymes,
such as cathepsin. - correct answer osteoblasts
Cathepsin - correct answer This enzyme mobilize calcium release from bone which
increases the serum calcium level.
Chronic stimulation of PTH results in what? - correct answer Bone remodeling.
Chronic PTH stimulation can occur from what? - correct answer parathyroid tumors
(primary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic hypocalcemia, as in end stage renal disease
(secondary hyperparathyroidism) This causes increased risk in bone fracture.
Primary role of vitamin D3 - correct answer Serves as cofactor with PTH to increase
GI absorption of calcium. Vitamin D3 also increased PTH-mediated osteoclast
stimulation.
Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP)? - correct answer Synthesized in adults
and fetal tissue and utilizes same receptors as PTH. Plays important role in placental
calcium transport, lactation, tooth development in the fetus.
Vitamin D plays important role and is essential for _________health. - correct answer
Bone.
Vitamin D deficiency causes: - correct answer infections, cancer, asthma, heart
disease, dementia, diabetes, pain, autoimmune disorders.
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Pineal Gland - correct answer Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive
cells that secrete melatonin.
Melatonin - correct answer In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and
inhibited by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first converted to
serotonin than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - correct answer through a negative feedback
loop involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - correct answer synthesized and stored within
the hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - correct answer Cold or stress and
decreased levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - correct answer Anterior
pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? - correct
answer TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - correct answer increase in release of
stored thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in
thyroid hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins
by the thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - correct answer Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - correct answer TRH and TSH which
decreased TH synthesis and secretion.
T3 and T4 thyroid hormones regulate many functions in body. - correct answer
Calcitonin - correct answer Elevated serum calcium (major stimulant for calcitonin),
regulates gastrin, pregnancy, lowered serum calcium, (suppresses calcitonin release).
,NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by opposing bone resorbing effects of PTH,
prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
Thyroid hormones affect many body tissues and influence the genetic expression of
specific proteins. They affect cell metabolism by altering what? - correct answer
protein, fat and glucose metabolism, and as a result heat production and oxygen
consumption are increased.
Calcitonin are used to treat what? - correct answer Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget
bone disease, hypercalcemia, osteogensesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of
bone.
Precursor molecule to calcitonin is what? - correct answer procalcitonin (stress
hormone) which is elevated in infection and inflammation and can aid in diagnosing
disease.
Parathyroid glands. - correct answer 2 pairs but may range from 2-6. Located behind
the upper pole and lower pole of the thryoid gland.
Parathyroid gland produce what? - correct answer PTH
PTH works with Vitamin ? - correct answer Vitamin D to increase serum calcium
concentration and decrease serum phosphate level.
What other 2 things affect PTH levels? - correct answer Magnesium and phosphate
What is the function of PTH? - correct answer The overall effect of PTH secretion is to
increase serum calcium concentration and decrease serum phosphate level.
What acts as a stimulant to secrete PTH in people with normal calcium levels? -
correct answer Hypomagnesemia
What happens with PTH when a person with hypocalcemia have hypomagnesium? -
correct answer PTH secretion is decreased.
Hyperphosphatemia leads to what? - correct answer hypocalcemia because of calcium
phosphate precipitation in soft tissue and bone.
, NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Alterations in serum phosphate levels may indirectly influence PTH secretion by
affecting what? - correct answer serum calcium levels
PTH hormone effects are mediated by what? - correct answer Adenylyl cyclase system
To achieve regulation of serum calcium concentration, PTH acts directly on what? -
correct answer Bone and Kidneys
PTH secretion stimulates what? In acute hypocalcemia to release receptor activator for
nuclear factor-kappa beta ligan (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor
which results in osteoclasts proliferation, maturation and release of acidic enzymes,
such as cathepsin. - correct answer osteoblasts
Cathepsin - correct answer This enzyme mobilize calcium release from bone which
increases the serum calcium level.
Chronic stimulation of PTH results in what? - correct answer Bone remodeling.
Chronic PTH stimulation can occur from what? - correct answer parathyroid tumors
(primary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic hypocalcemia, as in end stage renal disease
(secondary hyperparathyroidism) This causes increased risk in bone fracture.
Primary role of vitamin D3 - correct answer Serves as cofactor with PTH to increase
GI absorption of calcium. Vitamin D3 also increased PTH-mediated osteoclast
stimulation.
Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP)? - correct answer Synthesized in adults
and fetal tissue and utilizes same receptors as PTH. Plays important role in placental
calcium transport, lactation, tooth development in the fetus.
Vitamin D plays important role and is essential for _________health. - correct answer
Bone.
Vitamin D deficiency causes: - correct answer infections, cancer, asthma, heart
disease, dementia, diabetes, pain, autoimmune disorders.
